Abstract: A header for a heat exchanger having spaced manifolds and tubes extending between the manifolds is disclosed. The header plate comprises a header plate forming a portion of the manifold and having an outward surface for orienting away from the interior of the manifold. At least one opening is formed in the header plate, and is elongated with a longitudinal axis and opposite ends. The at least one opening has a perimeter with sides and ends. A ferrule extends from the outward surface of the header plate along portions of the perimeter of the opening. The ferrule includes at least two ferrule portions formed along portions of the perimeter of the opening. The ferrule is absent from portions of the perimeter of the opening between the portions of the perimeter having the ferrule portions formed thereon.

Abstract: A heat exchanger has first and second sides and comprises a pair of tanks, with each of the tanks defining an interior and including a header. A plurality of openings is formed in the header; The heat exchanger comprises a plurality of tubes extending between the openings in the tanks, with each of the tubes having opposite end portions joined to the tanks to fluidly connect the interiors of the tanks through interiors of the tubes. The heat exchanger comprises at least one reinforcement ribbon element extending across a juncture between the header and the plurality of tubes to reinforce a connection between the header and the plurality of tubes.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for recovering a low sodium content lignin from spent kraft cooking liquor without the use a of strong mineral acid for acidulation.

Abstract: A header for a heat exchanger having spaced manifolds and tubes extending between the manifolds is disclosed. The header plate comprises a header plate forming a portion of the manifold and having an outward surface for orienting away from the interior of the manifold. At least one opening is formed in the header plate, and is elongated with a longitudinal axis and opposite ends. The at least one opening has a perimeter with sides and ends. A ferrule extends from the outward surface of the header plate along portions of the perimeter of the opening. The ferrule includes at least two ferrule portions formed along portions of the perimeter of the opening. The ferrule is absent from portions of the perimeter of the opening between the portions of the perimeter having the ferrule portions formed thereon.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method for recovering a low sodium content lignin from spent kraft cooking liquor without the use a of strong mineral acid for acidulation comprising the steps of acidulating a spent kraft cooking liquor with carbon dioxide gas to a pH below about 10.5, precipitating at least a portion of the lignin forming lignin agglomerates and lignin particles in the spent kraft cooking liquor and recovering a low water and low sodium content lignin product comprising calcium or magnesium compounds bound to said lignin.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of tall oil from soap oil and to the use of heating in order to improve the production of tall oil. Soap oil, which has been produced by neutralization of tall oil soap, is acidulated by reacting the soap oil with an acid and freed tall oil is recovered. In the acidulation step, the temperature is raised above 100° C., preferably over 105° C., for improving the acidulation of soap oil. The acid is preferably concentrated sulfuric acid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for providing tall oil or tall oil fuel from tall oil soap. In the process, tall oil soap, which may be neutralized with carbon dioxide, is treated with an alkaline earth metal compound to convert sodium soaps into alkaline earth metal soaps. The conversion reduces the sodium content and increases the heat value of the product. The converted product may be used to provide a low sodium fuel or it may be acidulated with a minimum of sulfur.