Abstract: A chemical analysis method for determining chemically related differences between subject biological material such as genetically modified plant material and control biological material such as genetically unmodified plant material, which method includes at least the following six steps. The first step is to contact the subject biological material with a fluid extractant, such as a mixture of water, isopropanol and potassium hydroxide, to produce a fluid extract of the subject biological material. The second step is to contact the control biological material with the fluid extractant to produce a fluid extract of the control biological material. The third step is to chromatograph the fluid extract of the subject biological material, for example, gas or fluid chromatography, to produce a chromatogram of the fluid extract of the subject biological material.

Abstract: Highly efficient microcolumns suitable for use in chromatography, especially size excusion chromatography, are presented along with the method for making them. The method involves first obtaining a microcolumn having a first end and a second end, said microcolumn having an inner diameter of less than 1 mm. Then a slurry is prepared containing a packing material and a liquid solvent, said slurry having a concentration of more than 10 milliliters of solvent per gram of packing material. A retaining means is placed at the second end of the microcolumn, said retaining means being effective for retaining the packing material while allowing the liquid solvent to pass through the retaining means. The slurry is then added to the first end of the microcolumn at a constant pressure, said pressure being less than about 680 atmospheres. After a length of column suitable for use in chromatography has been filled, the addition of the slurry is stopped.

Abstract: A process for separating enantiomeric mixtures by liquid chromatography using a stationary phase that includes cellulose or amylose derivative and a mobile phase that includes methanol and pentane, the concentration of methanol in the mobile phase being greater than one tenth percent by volume and less than the saturation concentration of methanol in the mobile phase, the concentration of pentane being at least that necessary to resolve the enantiomeric mixture into its enantiomers with a resolution at least one and one half times greater than the pentane of the mobile phase is replaced with hexane.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for on-line coupled liquid chromatography and gas chromatography analysis. The system includes a high-volume, liquid vaporizing chamber, or interface capillary tube which allows injection of a substantial volume of sample-carrying eluent and concentrates bands, obviating adverse effects on the resolution or peak shape of the components of interest. The vaporizing chamber is interposed between a packed or wall-coated open tubular capillary liquid chromatographic column and a capillary gas chromatographic column. The capillary liquid chromatographic column permits the use of small volumes of eluent and reduced flow rates.

Abstract: An on-line multidimensional system which includes a liquid chromatograph having an on-line connection to a pyrolysis probe, which in turn has on-line connection to a gas chromatograph. Preferred applications use a size-exclusion chromatograph coupled to a pyrolysis probe coupled to a gas chromatograph to simultaneously produce composition as a function of molecular weight/size information for polymeric materials.

Abstract: An on-line multidimensional system which includes a liquid chromatograph having an on-line connection to a pyrolysis probe, which in turn has on-line connection to a gas chromatograph. Preferred applications use a size-exclusion chromatograph coupled to a pyrolysis probe coupled to a gas chromatograph to simultaneously produce composition as a function of molecular weight/size information for polymeric materials.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for on-line coupled liquid chromatography and gas chromatography analysis. The system includes a high-volume, liquid vaporizing chamber, or interface capillary tube which allows injection of a substantial volume of sample-carrying eluent and concentrates bands, obviating adverse effects on the resolution or peak shape of the components of interest. The vaporizing chamber is interposed between a packed or wall-coated open tubular capillary liquid chromatographic column and a capillary gas chromatographic column. The capillary liquid chromatographic column permits the use of small volumes of eluent and reduced flow rates.

Abstract: There is provided an apparatus for monitoring the relative concentration of an analyte in a fluid stream, with such apparatus including a capillary tube for containing the flowing fluid, optics for directing a single beam of monochromatic light through the capillary tube to produce a diffraction pattern having a number of interference fringes. A translatable photodiode is provided to monitor a portion of one of the fringes passing through a light limiting slit, whereby a signal proportional to the concentration of the analyte in the fluid is produced based upon the varying intensity of the monitored fringe. The capillary tube is preferably provided as a fused silica member having an inner flow diameter of 100 micrometers or less.

Abstract: An on-line multidimensional chromatographic system and method which couples a liquid chromatograph to a supercritical fluid chromatograph. The system includes an inlet column for depositing a fraction of interest eluting from the liquid chromatograph, an interface interposed between the inlet column and the supercritical fluid chromatograph for receiving and trapping an analyte from the deposited fraction on an impactor surface, and a valve arrangement for controlling fluid flow throughout the system. After the fraction of interest has been deposited in the inlet column, the liquid chromatograph solvent is removed from the inlet column, and then the deposited fraction is extracted from the inlet column in a supercritical fluid stream. The supercritical fluid stream is directed into the interface, where the analyte is trapped while the supercritical fluid is decompressed and vented.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for on-line coupled liquid chromatography and gas chromatography analysis includes a retention gap which allows injection of a substantial volume of sample-carrying eluent and concentrates bands, obviating adverse effects on the resolution or peak shape of the components of interest. The retention gap is used to simultaneously receive and vaporize liquid solvent in a manner highly suitable for purposes of gas chromatographically separating solutes of interest dispersed in the liquid chromatography solvent.

Abstract: Porous ceramic plugs are cast in place in chromatographic columns in order to provide supports for chromatographic beds in liquid chromatography devices and restrictors in supercritical fluid chromatographic devices. The supports are cast in place by fusing a silicate containing solution, such as one containing potassium silicate, which has been drawn into the outlet end of the column.