Abstract: A method of delivering an electric charge to a remote target with a CEW includes using one or more sensors in communication with the CEW to determine a threat level of a situation and contacting the target with at least one electrode wire discharged from the CEW. The method further includes applying an electric charge along the at least one electrode wire so that electrical charge flows between the CEW and the remote target based upon the determined threat level of the situation.

Abstract: An apparatus (402) and method for measuring a surface energy of a test surface (12), which includes a viscoelastic polymer layer (20), disposed on a moveable component (34), that is compressed against the test surface (12) with a compressive force. The moveable component (34) is then moved relative to the test surface (12) at a predetermined velocity, and a drive force applied to the moveable component (34) is measured. The surface energy of the test surface (12) is then determined based at least in part on the compressive force, the predetermined velocity, and the measured drive force.

Abstract: An apparatus (402) and method for measuring a surface energy of a test surface (12), which includes a viscoelastic polymer layer (20), disposed on a moveable component (34), that is compressed against the test surface (12) with a compressive force. The moveable component (34) is then moved relative to the test surface (12) at a predetermined velocity, and a drive force applied to the moveable component (34) is measured. The surface energy of the test surface (12) is then determined based at least in part on the compressive force, the predetermined velocity, and the measured drive force.