Abstract: Proposed is a combined structure, and the combined structure includes a coupling target object having a coupling space that comprises a first space and a second space communicating with each other, a damper structure accommodated in the first space and including a flexible portion having a hollow therein and a hard portion coupled to the flexible portion and having one surface exposed to an outside, and a coupling unit accommodated in the second space, a portion of which is in contact with one surface of the hard portion. The hollow is closed from the outside in the damper structure. In response to rotation of the coupling unit in the second space, another portion different from the portion of the coupling unit comes into contact with the hard portion.

Abstract: A tooth for a bucket of an excavator includes a point body having a hollow insertion recess and having a pair of coupling holes provided at positions facing each other on the opposite sides, and a pair of connection units respectively inserted into the pair of coupling holes and having a unit body and a protrusion protruding from the unit body, wherein the point body includes: a guide portion positioned in each of the coupling holes and guiding a rotational operation of the protrusion, a fixing portion fixing a position of each of the inserted connection unit, a buffer portion positioned between the fixing portion and an inner surface of the point body and surrounding the fixing portion, and a support where the fixing portion and the buffer portion are positioned.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for interleaving and puncturing are provided. The apparatus includes: an interleaver formed of a plurality of columns and rows, configured to perform interleaving by writing bits input to the interleaver in the plurality of columns and reading the bits from each row of the plurality of columns in which the bits are written; and a puncturer configured to puncture a predetermined number of bits among the bits read from the interleaver.

Abstract: A tooth for a bucket of an excavator includes a point body having a hollow insertion recess and having a pair of coupling holes provided at positions facing each other on the opposite sides, and a pair of connection units respectively inserted into the pair of coupling holes and having a unit body and a protrusion protruding from the unit body, wherein the point body includes: a guide portion positioned in each of the coupling holes and guiding a rotational operation of the protrusion, a fixing portion fixing a position of each of the inserted connection unit, a buffer portion positioned between the fixing portion and an inner surface of the point body and surrounding the fixing portion, and a support where the fixing portion and the buffer portion are positioned.

Abstract: Provided is a bucket tooth of an excavator which is capable of raising a fastening force between a tooth adapter and a tooth point, and facilitating assembling and disassembling operations. The bucket tooth of an excavator, includes: a tooth adapter including an adapter body having an insert integrally protruding from a front end thereof and a mounting part formed at a rear end thereof, the mounting part being mounted on a bucket of the excavator; and a tooth point including an excavation part integrally protruding from a front end of a point body and used for excavating a ground surface, the point body having an insert groove into which the insert of the tooth adapter is inserted.

Abstract: Provided is a bucket tooth of an excavator which is capable of raising a fastening force between a tooth adapter and a tooth point, and facilitating assembling and disassembling operations. The bucket tooth of an excavator, includes: a tooth adapter including an adapter body having an insert integrally protruding from a front end thereof and a mounting part formed at a rear end thereof, the mounting part being mounted on a bucket of the excavator; and a tooth point including an excavation part integrally protruding from a front end of a point body and used for excavating a ground surface, the point body having an insert groove into which the insert of the tooth adapter is inserted.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for interleaving and puncturing are provided. The apparatus includes: an interleaver formed of a plurality of columns and rows, configured to perform interleaving by writing bits input to the interleaver in the plurality of columns and reading the bits from each row of the plurality of columns in which the bits are written; and a puncturer configured to puncture a predetermined number of bits among the bits read from the interleaver.

Abstract: An encoding apparatus which performs encoding such as Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoding is provided. The encoding apparatus includes: an encoder encoding input bits using a parity check matrix including a plurality of blocks, each being formed of a first information word sub-matrix and a first parity sub-matrix arranged next to each other, and a second information sub-matrix and a second parity sub-matrix arranged next to each other; a bit determiner determining a value of a last sub-parity bit among sub-parity bits generated by encoding the input bits with respect to a first block among the plurality of blocks; and a bit modifier reversing values of bits generated by encoding the input bits with respect to a second block next to the first block based on the value of the last parity bit among the sub-parity bits generated by the encoding with respect to the first block.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for interleaving and puncturing are provided. The apparatus includes: an interleaver formed of a plurality of columns and rows, configured to perform interleaving by writing bits input to the interleaver in the plurality of columns and reading the bits from each row of the plurality of columns in which the bits are written; and a puncturer configured to puncture a predetermined number of bits among the bits read from the interleaver.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for interleaving and puncturing are provided. The apparatus includes: an interleaver formed of a plurality of columns and rows, configured to perform interleaving by writing bits input to the interleaver in the plurality of columns and reading the bits from each row of the plurality of columns in which the bits are written; and a puncturer configured to puncture a predetermined number of bits among the bits read from the interleaver.

Abstract: An encoding apparatus which performs encoding such as Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoding is provided. The encoding apparatus includes: an encoder encoding input bits using a parity check matrix including a plurality of blocks, each being formed of a first information word sub-matrix and a first parity sub-matrix arranged next to each other, and a second information sub-matrix and a second parity sub-matrix arranged next to each other; a bit determiner determining a value of a last sub-parity bit among sub-parity bits generated by encoding the input bits with respect to a first block among the plurality of blocks; and a bit modifier reversing values of bits generated by encoding the input bits with respect to a second block next to the first block based on the value of the last parity bit among the sub-parity bits generated by the encoding with respect to the first block.