Abstract: A method of surface modifying a polyimide film, a method of manufacturing a flexible copper clad laminate using the same, and a flexible copper clad laminate (FCCL) having a two-layer structure manufactured thereby. The method of surface modifying a polyimide film is conducted by modifying the surface of a polyimide film through a first plasma treatment, dipping the polyimide film into a solution containing an ethyleneimine-based silane coupling agent prepared by mixing the compound of Formula 1 and the compound of Formula 2 at a molar ratio of with 0.25˜1, and then modifying the surface of the polyimide film through a second plasma treatment. The method of surface modifying a polyimide film is advantageous because it may be substituted for a conventional surface treatment processes using ion beams.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a semiconductor device includes providing a semiconductor substrate including a first landing plug and a second landing plug. A bit line is formed over the semiconductor substrate. The bit line is electrically coupled to the first landing plug. A stacked structure of an etch stop film and an interlayer insulating film is deposited over the semiconductor substrate including the bit line. The stacked structure is selectively etched using a contact mask to form a contact hole having an upper part that is wider than a lower part of the contact hole. The contact hole exposes the second landing plug. A contact plug is formed over the contact hole. The contact plug is electrically coupled to the second landing plug.

Abstract: An air injection portable inter-dental toothbrush can be devised consisting of: driving section (10), including air injection pan (14), filter (15) for removing foreign aerial substance from outside, pan motor (16) for bringing in air and supplying it to air injection pan (14), battery (18) as a power for driving the pan and a battery still attached bedding (19); cleaning section (20), including cleansing fluid inlets and hose (24) which is composed of a container (21) for keeping cleansing fluid, where the cleansing fluid container (21) is connected to the hose while the other end of the latter being attached to the center of the gravity so that the fluid inlets and hose can infuse cleansing fluid no matter how the container's position changes, a valve (26) which can control cleansing fluid flow, a stopper (28) by which cleansing fluid being refilled or replaced; injecting section (30), including injecting nozzle 1 (31) where air brought in by driving section (10) and cleansing fluid supplied by cleaning sec

Abstract: A method of fabricating a semiconductor device includes providing a semiconductor substrate including a first landing plug and a second landing plug. A bit line is formed over the semiconductor substrate. The bit line is electrically coupled to the first landing plug. A stacked structure of an etch stop film and an interlayer insulating film is deposited over the semiconductor substrate including the bit line. The stacked structure is selectively etched using a contact mask to form a contact hole having an upper part that is wider than a lower part of the contact hole. The contact hole exposes the second landing plug. A contact plug is formed over the contact hole. The contact plug is electrically coupled to the second landing plug.

Abstract: A method of surface modifying a polyimide film, a method of manufacturing a flexible copper clad laminate using the same, and a flexible copper clad laminate (FCCL) having a two-layer structure manufactured thereby. The method of surface modifying a polyimide film is conducted by modifying the surface of a polyimide film through a first plasma treatment, dipping the polyimide film into a solution containing an ethyleneimine-based silane coupling agent prepared by mixing the compound of Formula 1 and the compound of Formula 2 at a molar ratio of with 0.25˜1, and then modifying the surface of the polyimide film through a second plasma treatment. The method of surface modifying a polyimide film is advantageous because it may be substituted for a conventional surface treatment processes using ion beams.

Abstract: A glass handling tool and a method of moving a glass substrate are provided. The glass handling tool includes support members, moving members, and a body. The support members support a glass substrate. The moving members fix the support members. The body is coupled with the moving members.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a constellation search apparatus, method, and program, and a computer-readable storage medium storing the constellation search program, which can search for the constellations for a direction desired by a user, at any time, anywhere, and in any environment, and can quickly provide various pieces of information about the constellations that are found. The constellation search apparatus includes a database for storing information about locations of a plurality of constellations; a constellation search means comprising a reception unit for receiving azimuth and altitude values for a direction indicated by a 3-dimensional direction measurement means; a constellation search unit for searching for constellations located at the azimuth and altitude values, which are received by the reception unit, based on the constellation location information stored in the database; and an output unit for outputting search results found by the constellation search unit.

Abstract: A self-supporting air tube for blasting and method of blasting rock using the air tube. The air tube includes an air bladder, a plurality of support wings, an inlet, and a means for securing weight. The air bladder has a diameter smaller than that of a blasting hole and extends longitudinally. The support wings extend from the outside of the air bladder symmetrically with respect to the longitudinal axis of the air bladder so as to surround the air bladder and have certain widths. The inlet is attached to the a fusion-welded portion of the air bladder to inject air into the air bladder. The means for securing weight are integrated into the support wings, bladder, and/or lower portion of the bladder. The total diameter of the air tube is smaller than the diameter of the blasting hole, and the air tube is inserted into the blasting hole and self-supported on a wall of the blasting hole.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a refrigerant valve control device and a control method thereof, which adjusts eccentricity of a refrigerant valve during an operation of a refrigerator to prevent overcooling. A refrigerant valve control device of a refrigerator includes a temperature sensing part that senses temperature inside the refrigerator; a refrigerant valve that selectively opens and closes a refrigerant path; and a controlling part that controls the refrigerant valve based on temperature differences between the sensed temperature inside the refrigerator and a predetermined control temperature. In another aspect of the present invention, a control method of a refrigerant valve for a refrigerator includes determining whether refrigerant is leaked at a refrigerant valve based on temperature differences between the temperature inside the refrigerator and a predetermined control temperature; and controlling the refrigerant valve based on the result of the determination.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a malfunction preventing device and a method thereof, which ignores an input signal produced by electricity capacity variation because of moisture to prevent a malfunction of a refrigerator. A malfunction preventing device for a refrigerator includes an inputting part in which a static electricity switch is provided to produce an input signal, and a controlling part that ignores a first input signal inputted in a wait mode, wherein there is no inputted signal from the inputting part for a predetermined delaying time period in the wait mode. A method for preventing a malfunction of a refrigerator includes performing a wait mode in that there is no input signal produced by static electricity for a predetermined delay time period, and ignoring a first input signal inputted in the wait mode.

Abstract: A self-supporting air tube for blasting and method of blasting rock using the air tube. The air tube includes an air bladder, a pair of support wings and an inlet The air bladder has a diameter smaller than that of a blasting hole and extends longitudinally. The support wings extend from the outside of the air bladder symmetrically with respect to the longitudinal axis of the air bladder so as to surround the air bladder and have certain widths. The inlet is attached to the upper fusion-welded portion of the air bladder to inject air into the air bladder. The total diameter of the air tube is smaller than the diameter of the blasting hole, and the air tube is inserted into the blasting hole and self-supported on a wall of the blasting hole.

Abstract: Disclosed are a silicon derivative, a liquid crystal composition comprising the same, and a compensation film for a liquid crystal display device using the same liquid crystal composition. More particularly, the silicon derivative is a liquid crystal material of a high-quality view angle compensation film, which improves a contrast ratio measured at a tilt angle when compared to a contrast ratio measured from the front surface and minimizes color variations in a black state depending on view angles.

Abstract: Disclosed are a vinylsulfone derivative, a liquid crystal composition comprising the same, and a compensation film for a liquid crystal display device using the same liquid crystal composition. More particularly, the vinylsulfone derivative is a liquid crystal material of a high-quality view angle compensation film, which improves a contrast ratio measured at a tilt angle when compared to a contrast ratio measured from the front surface and minimizes color variations in a black state depending on view angles.

Abstract: In a flat display panel, a surface of at least one of a sustain electrode and an address electrode may be formed to have a curved surface. The surface of the electrode may be formed as a continuous curved surface. The sustain electrode and the address electrode may be elongated in a lengthwise direction thereof. These lengthwise directions may be perpendicular to each other. The electrode may be formed by transferring an electrode material onto the substrate using an electrode frame defined with electrode forming grooves each having a same sectional shape as the electrode. Therefore, the surface of the electrode may be formed as the curved surface.

Abstract: A mark for use in measuring characteristics of a layer of the semiconductor device includes multiple staggered L-shaped patterns including adjacent vertices, and legs that include line segments having variable spacing between them. Related methods, systems and computer program products for using the mark to calibrate semiconductor devices also are described.

Abstract: A hinge for a refrigerator is disclosed. The hinge device for a refrigerator, which fastens a door thereto to open/close storage space formed therein, includes a case having a side opened to define an exterior thereof, a case cap fastened to the case to close the opened side of the case, a rotation shaft provided within the case, the rotation shaft fastened to a side of the door to rotate together with the door, a clutch protrusion projected outwardly from a lateral surface of the rotation shaft to have a predetermined curvature, and a clutch ring mounted within the case cap, the clutch ring made of elastic material so that the clutch ring is selectively contacted with the clutch protrusion to supply elasticity to the rotation shaft during the rotation of the rotation shaft. An object of the present invention is to provide a hinge device for a refrigerator which can damp in an auto-closing section for closing a door of a refrigerator automatically.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a nitride semiconductor light emitting device, and a nitride semiconductor light emitting device fabricated thereby are provided. The method includes: forming a first conductive nitride semiconductor layer on a substrate; forming an active layer on the first conductive nitride semiconductor layer; forming a second conductive nitride semiconductor layer on the active layer; and lowering a temperature while adding oxygen to the result by performing a thermal process.

Abstract: A self-supporting air tube for blasting and method of blasting rock using the air tube. The air tube includes an air bladder, a pair of support wings and an inlet. The air bladder has a diameter smaller than that of a blasting hole and extends longitudinally. The support wings extend from the outside of the air bladder symmetrically with respect to the longitudinal axis of the air bladder so as to surround the air bladder and have certain widths. The inlet is attached to the upper fusion-welded portion of the air bladder to inject air into the air bladder. The total diameter of the air tube is smaller than the diameter of the blasting hole, and the air tube is inserted into the blasting hole and self-supported on a wall of the blasting hole.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a metal nanoparticle whose surface is coated with a silicon oxide. The silicon oxide is obtained from a silicon compound or a derivative thereof as a precursor and has a particle diameter of a few angstroms (A). Further disclosed is a method for manufacturing metal nanoparticles. The method comprises the steps of a) mixing metal ions, a solvent and an additive required for forming metal complex ions, b) adding a silicon compound or a derivative thereof as a precursor for forming silicon oxides, to the mixture of step a) to coat the surface of the metal ions, and c) adding a reducing agent to the mixture of step b) to reduce the metal ions. If necessary, the method further comprises the step of d) lyophilizing the resulting product of step c), i.e. metal nanoparticles. Since the surface of the metal nanoparticle of the present invention is coated with a silicon oxide, the metal nanoparticle is stabilized.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a vibration actuator. The vibration actuator excites a mass member by interaction between an electric field of a vibration coil provided in an inner space of a case and a magnetic field of a magnetic field unit disposed corresponding to the vibration coil. The vibration actuator comprises an elastic wire having a wire body fixed to the outer surface of the mass member and elastic ends fixed to the inner surface of the case. The elastic wire is connected between the case and the mass member for elastically supporting mass member. The present invention minimizes change of natural frequency due to manufacturing tolerance of raw materials to improve vibration characteristics of the vibration actuator, simplifies and reduces a manufacturing process to improve productivity of the vibration actuator, and improves durability to increase the service life of the vibration actuator.