Abstract: An embodiment magnetic memory device based on perpendicular exchange bias includes a non-magnetic layer, a ferromagnetic layer bonded on the non-magnetic layer, wherein a magnetization direction of the ferromagnetic layer is randomly distributed, and an anti-ferromagnetic layer bonded on the ferromagnetic layer. An embodiment method of manufacturing a magnetic memory device includes preparing the magnetic memory device based on perpendicular exchange bias, the preparing including bonding a ferromagnetic layer on a non-magnetic layer and bonding an anti-ferromagnetic layer on the ferromagnetic layer, and demagnetizing the ferromagnetic layer of the magnetic memory device, wherein a magnetization direction of the ferromagnetic layer is randomly distributed.

Abstract: An embodiment spin-orbit torque device array includes a plurality of single devices, each device including a non-magnetic layer, a magnetic layer bonded to the non-magnetic layer, and an upper layer bonded to the magnetic layer, wherein the upper layer includes oxide, and wherein a magnetization state of each of the single devices has only two states, the two states being an up state and a down state.