Abstract: The present invention discloses an encoding apparatus using a Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) scanning, which includes a mode selection means for selecting an optimal mode for intra prediction; an intra prediction means for performing intra prediction onto video inputted based on the mode selected in the mode selection means; a DCT and quantization means for performing DCT and quantization onto residual coefficients of a block outputted from the intra prediction means; and an entropy encoding means for performing entropy encoding onto DCT coefficients acquired from the DCT and quantization by using a scanning mode decided based on pixel similarity of the residual coefficients.

Abstract: A method for encoding a bitstream is described. The method includes receiving, by an error correction unit, the bitstream; performing, by the error correction unit, encoding on the bitstream to generate an encoded bit stream that includes the bitstream and parity bits; processing, by a constellation unit, the encoded bitstream to generate constellation points in one or more encoded streams; determining, by a low-density parity-check (LDPC) tone mapper, a distance between subcarriers in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol of the frame; and performing, by the LDPC tone mapper, LDPC tone mapping based on the one or more encoded streams and on the determined distance to generate a permuted stream of complex numbers, wherein the distance between subcarriers is determined to be either (1) 18 for a first resource unit size used in the frame and (2) 20 for a second resource unit size used in the frame.

Abstract: A method is described for transmitting a frame in a wireless network. The method includes setting, by a wireless device, a first field of the frame according to a first characteristic of the frame; setting, by the wireless device, a second field of the frame according to a second characteristic of the frame; setting, by the wireless device, a puncturing field of the frame in response to the first field of the frame meeting a first criteria and the second field of the frame meeting a second criteria, wherein the puncturing field is associated with puncturing a set of sub-channels of a transmission bandwidth of the frame; and transmitting, by the wireless device, the frame based on the transmission bandwidth and according to the set of sub-channels.

Abstract: A method is performed by a wireless device. The method comprises receiving a predetermined number N of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols of a PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU), determining, using the Nth received OFDM symbol, whether the PPDU is a PPDU according to a first wireless network standard or a PPDU according to a second wireless network standard, and decoding the PPDU according to the determined wireless network standard. The predetermined number N corresponds to either a location of a Legacy Signal (L-SIG) field in the PPDU or the location of a symbol of a second field of the second wireless network standard in the PPDU, the second field being different from the L-SIG field. The first and second wireless network standards may each be a Vehicle to Everything standard or an Intelligent Transportation System standard, and may be different from each other.

Abstract: A method is described for generating and transmitting a frame by a station. The method includes generating a frame that includes a signaling field and a data field, wherein the signaling field includes a midamble indication that indicates a midamble periodicity used in the data field of the frame and wirelessly transmitting the frame to a recipient.

Abstract: A method is performed by a wireless device. The method comprises receiving a predetermined number N of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols of a PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU), determining, using the Nth received OFDM symbol, whether the PPDU is a PPDU according to a first wireless network standard or a PPDU according to a second wireless network standard, and decoding the PPDU according to the determined wireless network standard. The predetermined number N corresponds to either a location of a Legacy Signal (L-SIG) field in the PPDU or the location of a symbol of a second field of the second wireless network standard in the PPDU, the second field being different from the L-SIG field. The first and second wireless network standards may each be a Vehicle to Everything standard or an Intelligent Transportation System standard, and may be different from each other.

Abstract: A method is described for generating and transmitting a frame by a station. The method includes determining a bandwidth of a frame to be transmitted by the station; generating a long training field for the frame, wherein the long training field includes a set of pilot tones located at a set of subcarrier positions, wherein when the bandwidth of the frame is 10 MHz, the set of subcarrier positions include four subcarrier positions and the four subcarrier positions are set as {?21-?1,?7-?2,7+?3,21+?4} where ?1, ?2, ?3, and ?4 are odd values, and wherein when the bandwidth of the frame is 20 MHz, the set of subcarrier positions include six sub carrier positions, including {?53-?1,?25-?2,?11-?3, 11+?4,25+?5,53+?6} where ?1, ?2, ?3, ?4, ?5, and ?6 are odd values.

Abstract: A method for encoding a bitstream for a frame in a wireless transmission is described. The method includes receiving, by an error correction unit of the wireless device, the bitstream; performing, by the error correction unit, forward error correction on the bitstream to generate an error corrected bitstream; determining, by a dual sub-carrier modulation (DCM) mapper of the first wireless device, a number of data subcarriers for modulating the error corrected bitstream to subcarriers in each half of an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol, wherein the number of data subcarriers is determined to be (1) 26 for a first bandwidth of the frame, (2) 54 for a second bandwidth and performing, by the DCM mapper, DCM on the error corrected bitstream based on the determined number of data subcarriers to generate a stream of complex numbers corresponding to the number of data subcarriers.

Abstract: A method for encoding a bitstream is described. The method includes receiving, by an error correction unit, the bitstream; performing, by the error correction unit, encoding on the bitstream to generate an encoded bit stream that includes the bitstream and parity bits; processing, by a constellation unit, the encoded bitstream to generate constellation points in one or more encoded streams; determining, by a low-density parity-check (LDPC) tone mapper, a distance between subcarriers in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol of the frame; and performing, by the LDPC tone mapper, LDPC tone mapping based on the one or more encoded streams and on the determined distance to generate a permuted stream of complex numbers, wherein the distance between subcarriers is determined to be either (1) 18 for a first resource unit size used in the frame and (2) 20 for a second resource unit size used in the frame.

Abstract: A method includes determining, by a Media Access Control (MAC) layer of a first wireless station, a total length of user data in a first Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU); determining, by the MAC layer, a Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) block size; adding a first indication to a transmission vector, wherein the first indication indicates the total length of user data in the first PPDU; adding a second indication to the transmission vector, wherein the second indication indicates the HARQ block size; passing the transmission vector to a PHY layer of the first wireless station; generating, by the PHY layer, the first PPDU based on the first indication and the second indication, wherein the first PPDU includes a first set of HARQ blocks that each have a size equal to the HARQ block size; and transmitting the first PPDU to a second wireless station.

Abstract: A process for receiving a Physical Layer Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) may include receiving a first portion of the PPDU. The first portion including a Legacy Signal (L-SIG) field and a second signal field that is received after the reception of the L-SIG field. The process further includes decoding, using first information in the L-SIG field, the second signal field, and determining, using second information included in the second signal field, that the PPDU includes midambles. In response to determining that the PPDU includes midambles, the process determines, using a midamble periodicity M, a number of midambles NMA in the PPDU, determines, using the number of midambles, a number of data symbols in a data field of the PPDU, and processes, using the number of midambles and the number of data symbols, the data field of the PPDU. The process may be performed by a wireless device.

Abstract: A method for encoding a bitstream is described. The method includes receiving, by an error correction unit, the bitstream; performing, by the error correction unit, encoding on the bitstream to generate an encoded bit stream that includes the bitstream and parity bits; processing, by a constellation unit, the encoded bitstream to generate constellation points in one or more encoded streams; determining, by a low-density parity-check (LDPC) tone mapper, a distance between subcarriers in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol of the frame; and performing, by the LDPC tone mapper, LDPC tone mapping based on the one or more encoded streams and on the determined distance to generate a permuted stream of complex numbers, wherein the distance between subcarriers is determined to be either (1) 18 for a first resource unit size used in the frame and (2) 20 for a second resource unit size used in the frame.

Abstract: A washing machine of the present disclosure includes a cabinet having a first opening and a washing space disposed therein and a door assembly configured to open and close the first opening, wherein the door assembly includes a second opening configured to communicate with an inside of the cabinet and an auxiliary door disposed to be slidable and configured to open and close the second opening. In this way, laundry or detergent can be freely inserted even during a washing process.

Abstract: A method is described for transmitting a frame in a wireless network. The method includes setting, by a wireless device, a first field of the frame according to a first characteristic of the frame; setting, by the wireless device, a second field of the frame according to a second characteristic of the frame; setting, by the wireless device, a puncturing field of the frame in response to the first field of the frame meeting a first criteria and the second field of the frame meeting a second criteria, wherein the puncturing field is associated with puncturing a set of sub-channels of a transmission bandwidth of the frame; and transmitting, by the wireless device, the frame based on the transmission bandwidth and according to the set of sub-channels.

Abstract: A method includes determining, by a Media Access Control (MAC) layer of a first wireless station, a total length of user data in a first Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU); determining, by the MAC layer, a Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) block size; adding a first indication to a transmission vector, wherein the first indication indicates the total length of user data in the first PPDU; adding a second indication to the transmission vector, wherein the second indication indicates the HARQ block size; passing the transmission vector to a PHY layer of the first wireless station; generating, by the PHY layer, the first PPDU based on the first indication and the second indication, wherein the first PPDU includes a first set of HARQ blocks that each have a size equal to the HARQ block size; and transmitting the first PPDU to a second wireless station.

Abstract: A method for encoding a bitstream is described. The method includes receiving, by an error correction unit, the bitstream; performing, by the error correction unit, encoding on the bitstream to generate an encoded bit stream that includes the bitstream and parity bits; processing, by a constellation unit, the encoded bitstream to generate constellation points in one or more encoded streams; determining, by a low-density parity-check (LDPC) tone mapper, a distance between subcarriers in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol of the frame; and performing, by the LDPC tone mapper, LDPC tone mapping based on the one or more encoded streams and on the determined distance to generate a permuted stream of complex numbers, wherein the distance between subcarriers is determined to be either (1) 18 for a first resource unit size used in the frame and (2) 20 for a second resource unit size used in the frame.

Abstract: A method is described for generating and transmitting a frame by a station. The method includes determining a bandwidth of a frame to be transmitted by the station; generating a long training field for the frame, wherein the long training field includes a set of pilot tones located at a set of subcarrier positions, wherein when the bandwidth of the frame is 10 MHz, the set of subcarrier positions include four subcarrier positions and the four subcarrier positions are set as {?21-?1,?7-?2,7+?3,21+?4} where ?1, ?2, ?3, and ?4 are odd values, and wherein when the bandwidth of the frame is 20 MHz, the set of subcarrier positions include six sub carrier positions, including {?53-?1,?25-?2,?11-?3, 11+?4,25+?5,53+?6} where ?1, ?2, ?3, ?4, ?5, and ?6 are odd values.

Abstract: A method for encoding a bitstream for a frame in a wireless transmission is described. The method includes receiving, by an error correction unit of the wireless device, the bitstream; performing, by the error correction unit, forward error correction on the bitstream to generate an error corrected bitstream; determining, by a dual sub-carrier modulation (DCM) mapper of the first wireless device, a number of data subcarriers for modulating the error corrected bitstream to subcarriers in each half of an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol, wherein the number of data subcarriers is determined to be (1) 26 for a first bandwidth of the frame, (2) 54 for a second bandwidth and performing, by the DCM mapper, DCM on the error corrected bitstream based on the determined number of data subcarriers to generate a stream of complex numbers corresponding to the number of data subcarriers.