Abstract: A transmission device includes: a memory; and a processor coupled to the memory and configured to: transmit or receive an optical signal; filter an electrical electric field signal that indicates electric field information of the optical signal; calculate a transmission characteristic of filtering of the electric field signal and set the transmission characteristic in the filter on a basis of a narrowing amount of a wavelength band of the optical signal transmitted through a transmission line and a narrowing amount of the wavelength band when a state of the transmission line is changed on a basis of transmission line information regarding the transmission line of the optical signal; and set a transmission parameter of the optical signal according to quality of the electric field signal filtered by the filter.

Abstract: A transmission device includes: a memory; and a processor coupled to the memory and configured to: transmit or receive an optical signal; filter an electrical electric field signal that indicates electric field information of the optical signal; calculate a transmission characteristic of filtering of the electric field signal and set the transmission characteristic in the filter on a basis of a narrowing amount of a wavelength band of the optical signal transmitted through a transmission line and a narrowing amount of the wavelength band when a state of the transmission line is changed on a basis of transmission line information regarding the transmission line of the optical signal; and set a transmission parameter of the optical signal according to quality of the electric field signal filtered by the filter.

Abstract: The center injection engine is an engine equipped with the direct injector and an ignition apparatus at center of a ceiling part of the combustion chamber. The positive tumble flow flows from the intake port side to the exhaust port side on the ceiling part side of the combustion chamber, and also flows from the exhaust port side to the intake port side on the piston top part side. The ECU calculates the injection timing of the direct injector based on the engine load. In the first injection control, the higher the engine load becomes, the more the end crank angle is retarded.

Abstract: The center injection engine is an engine equipped with the direct injector and an ignition apparatus at center of a ceiling part of the combustion chamber. The positive tumble flow flows from the intake port side to the exhaust port side on the ceiling part side of the combustion chamber, and also flows from the exhaust port side to the intake port side on the piston top part side. The ECU calculates the injection timing of the direct injector based on the engine load. In the first injection control, the higher the engine load becomes, the more the end crank angle is retarded.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a processor that monitors a first operational status of processors, activates one of unactivated processors of the processors, and based on a second operational status of the activated processor, determines an activation timing of a next processor to activate next, and activates the next processor at the activation timing.

Abstract: An engine includes a cylinder body, a cylinder head, and an ignition device including spark plugs. The engine also includes an intake device connected to intake ports, an exhaust device connected to exhaust ports, pistons, and a crankshaft connected to the pistons by connecting rods. Explosion intervals of the cylinders are 270°, 180°, 90°, and 180° as crank angles. The engine further includes a discomfort eliminator which, when the engine speed is lower than a predetermined value, makes the indicated mean effective pressure of at least one of two cylinders having an explosion interval of 90° lower than the indicated mean effective pressures of the other cylinders having an explosion interval of not 90°. The engine causes unequal-interval explosions but produces little change in the driving energy per unit time during an operating state in which an occupant is liable to feel torque fluctuations.

Abstract: An optical receiver including: a digital filter that performs spectral shaping on a signal; an analyzer that analyzes a spectrum waveform of the signal; a determiner that determines, based on an analysis result by the analyzer, whether the spectrum waveform of the signal is a Nyquist waveform on the basis of a Nyquist first reference; and a controller that stops the spectral shaping of the signal to be performed by the digital filter when the spectrum waveform of the signal is not the Nyquist waveform as a result of the determination by the determiner, and controls a filter coefficient of the digital filter based on the spectrum waveform of the signal when the spectrum waveform of the signal is the Nyquist waveform as the result of the determination by the determiner.

Abstract: An optical receiver including: a digital filter that performs spectral shaping on a signal; an analyzer that analyzes a spectrum waveform of the signal; a determiner that determines, based on an analysis result by the analyzer, whether the spectrum waveform of the signal is a Nyquist waveform on the basis of a Nyquist first reference; and a controller that stops the spectral shaping of the signal to be performed by the digital filter when the spectrum waveform of the signal is not the Nyquist waveform as a result of the determination by the determiner, and controls a filter coefficient of the digital filter based on the spectrum waveform of the signal when the spectrum waveform of the signal is the Nyquist waveform as the result of the determination by the determiner.

Abstract: An engine includes a cylinder body, a cylinder head, and an ignition device including spark plugs. The engine also includes an intake device connected to intake ports, an exhaust device connected to exhaust ports, pistons, and a crankshaft connected to the pistons by connecting rods. Explosion intervals of the cylinders are 270°, 180°, 90°, and 180° as crank angles. The engine further includes a discomfort eliminator which, when the engine speed is lower than a predetermined value, makes the indicated mean effective pressure of at least one of two cylinders having an explosion interval of 90° lower than the indicated mean effective pressures of the other cylinders having an explosion interval of not 90°. The engine causes unequal-interval explosions but produces little change in the driving energy per unit time during an operating state in which an occupant is liable to feel torque fluctuations.

Abstract: A communication system includes a transmitting device that transmits a signal based on pluralities of symbol coordinates on a constellation and pluralities of trajectory coordinates between respective ones of the pluralities of symbol coordinates, average coordinates of the pluralities of trajectory coordinates being different coordinates from coordinates of origin, and a receiving device that accumulates pluralities of trajectory coordinates between respective ones of the pluralities of symbol coordinates on the constellation in the signal received from the transmitting device, and estimates a phase of the signal received from the transmitting device based on a value representing a difference between average coordinates of the pluralities of trajectory coordinates accumulated and the different coordinates.

Abstract: A communication system includes a transmission device that transmits a signal, based on a plurality of symbol coordinates on a constellation, which characterize a shape having a predetermined rotational asymmetrical shape, and a receiving device that accumulates symbol coordinates on the constellation in the signal received from the transmission device and estimates the phase of the signal received from the transmission device, based on a difference between the direction of a shape characterized by the accumulated symbol coordinates and the direction of the predetermined shape.

Abstract: An optical transceiver converts a received optical signal to an electric signal and converts the electric signal to a digital signal, and has an adaptive equalizer to adaptively equalize the digital signal, a synchronization part to synchronize a first polarized wave and a second polarized wave contained in the adaptively equalized digital signal and having polarization axes perpendicular to each other, and a symbol offset determination part to determine an amount of symbol offset between the first polarized wave and the second polarized wave based upon symbol synchronization information of the first polarized wave and the second polarized wave supplied from the synchronization part, the symbol offset determination part being configured to repeat determination of the amount of symbol offset and restart the adaptive equalizer until the symbol offset is minimized.

Abstract: A communication system includes a transmitting device that transmits a signal based on pluralities of symbol coordinates on a constellation and pluralities of trajectory coordinates between respective ones of the pluralities of symbol coordinates, average coordinates of the pluralities of trajectory coordinates being different coordinates from coordinates of origin, and a receiving device that accumulates pluralities of trajectory coordinates between respective ones of the pluralities of symbol coordinates on the constellation in the signal received from the transmitting device, and estimates a phase of the signal received from the transmitting device based on a value representing a difference between average coordinates of the pluralities of trajectory coordinates accumulated and the different coordinates.

Abstract: A communication system includes a transmission device that transmits a signal, based on a plurality of symbol coordinates on a constellation, which characterize a shape having a predetermined rotational asymmetrical shape, and a receiving device that accumulates symbol coordinates on the constellation in the signal received from the transmission device and estimates the phase of the signal received from the transmission device, based on a difference between the direction of a shape characterized by the accumulated symbol coordinates and the direction of the predetermined shape.

Abstract: An optical transceiver converts a received optical signal to an electric signal and converts the electric signal to a digital signal, and has an adaptive equalizer to adaptively equalize the digital signal, a synchronization part to synchronize a first polarized wave and a second polarized wave contained in the adaptively equalized digital signal and having polarization axes perpendicular to each other, and a symbol offset determination part to determine an amount of symbol offset between the first polarized wave and the second polarized wave based upon symbol synchronization information of the first polarized wave and the second polarized wave supplied from the synchronization part, the symbol offset determination part being configured to repeat determination of the amount of symbol offset and restart the adaptive equalizer until the symbol offset is minimized.

Abstract: A center cavity made up of a generally circular recess is formed in a head of a piston. An injector is provided for injecting fuel into the center cavity. Sub-cavities are connected to the center cavity on the periphery side of the head. The injector is positioned to inject fuel to a border portion between the sub-cavities and the center cavity.

Abstract: A direct injection engine has a fuel injection valve that directs a spray of fuel to each side of a spark plug electrode. The fuel mixes with the air to define a region of relatively richer air-fuel mixture and a region of relatively leaner air-fuel mixture. The electrode is positioned within the relatively leaner region.

Abstract: A direct injection engine has a fuel injection valve that directs a spray of fuel to each side of a spark plug electrode. The fuel mixes with the air to define a region of relatively richer air-fuel mixture and a region of relatively leaner air-fuel mixture. The electrode is positioned within the relatively leaner region.

Abstract: An improved combustion chamber configuration for a direct injected internal combustion engine. The cylinder head recess and piston head are configured so as to provide a small clearance volume and accordingly high compression ratios while the shape of the piston head and the arrangement of the cylinder head recess permits a portion of the injected fuel to be directed toward the exhaust valves to cool them and reduce smoke and increase fuel efficiency.

Abstract: A direct injected, internal combustion engine combustion chamber configuration and injection control strategy. Stratification is accomplished by providing a piston bowl and air flow pattern within the combustion chamber through intake passage shape and squish action. The shape of the combustion chamber also provides rapid flame propagation even at low speeds and loads.