Abstract: A fixing device includes a rotator, a pressure rotator, a heater, a conductor, and a resistor. The rotator includes a conductive layer. The pressure rotator presses the rotator to form a fixing nip between the rotator and the pressure rotator. The heater is in contact with an inner surface of the rotator to heat the rotator. The conductor is in contact with the conductive layer of the rotator and has a resistance value larger than 100 k?. The resistor has one end electrically coupled in series to the conductor and another end grounded via an image forming apparatus.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a photoconductor to form an electrostatic latent image, an optical writing device, a first light emitter, a second light emitter, a reflector, a synchronization detector, and circuitry. The optical writing device includes a first light emitter to irradiate a first light and a second light emitter to irradiate a second light. The reflector deflects the first light and the second light. The synchronization detector detects the first light and the second light to detect a writing start timing of the electrostatic latent image. The circuitry outputs a light-emission control signal to control light emission state, outputs multiple gain signals corresponding to the first light emitter and the second light emitter, selects one gain signal from the multiple gain signals as a gain selection signal, and switches a gain of the synchronization detector based on the one gain signal.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a fixing device, a power supply, and a transfer device. The fixing device includes a fixing belt grounded via a protective resistor, a heater contacting the fixing belt, and a pressure rotator grounded and facing the fixing belt to form a nip. The power supply applies an alternating current voltage to the heater. The transfer device includes a transferor grounded and an opposed rotator facing the transferor to form a nip. The transferor has a transfer resistance Rt satisfying a following expression, ? "\[LeftBracketingBar]" Rf // ( jXs + Rp + Rt ) jXh + Rf // ( jXs + Rp + Rt ) · Rt jXs + Rp + Rt ? "\[RightBracketingBar]" < 0.3 where Rf is a resistance value of the protective resistor, Rp is a resistance value of a recording medium, jXs is an impedance of the fixing belt, and jXh is an impedance of the heater.

Abstract: A fixing device includes a rotator, a pressure rotator, a heater, a conductor, and a resistor. The rotator includes a conductive layer. The pressure rotator presses the rotator to form a fixing nip between the rotator and the pressure rotator. The heater is in contact with an inner surface of the rotator to heat the rotator. The conductor is in contact with the conductive layer of the rotator and has a resistance value larger than 100 k?. The resistor has one end electrically coupled in series to the conductor and another end grounded via an image forming apparatus.

Abstract: A coherent light source outputs coherent light including high-order harmonics obtained by irradiating short-pulse laser light to a nonlinear medium. A spectrometer includes a grating that diffracts the coherent light and an image sensor that measures an image of the diffracted light. In a first state, a first double slit having a pair of apertures spaced apart in a first direction is arranged at a predetermined position between coherent light source and an incident slit of spectrometer. In a second state, a second double slit that is a replica of first double slit is arranged at the predetermined position as a replacement of first double slit with a sample held in one aperture. A calculation processing device calculates optical constants of the sample based on interference images measured in the first and second states.

Abstract: In an accident pattern determination apparatus including a storage storing attributes assigned to respective ones of a plurality of predefined traffic situations, an acquirer acquires, for each of vehicle-related accident cases, an accident pattern that is a combination of traffic situations in the accident case, from the plurality of predefined traffic situations. A determiner determines, for each accident pattern acquired by the acquirer, whether the accident pattern is an accident pattern of high accident risk or an accident pattern of low accident risk for specific vehicles, based on the accident patterns acquired for the respective accident cases and the attributes assigned to respective ones of the plurality of predefined traffic situations.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a fixing device, a power supply, and a transfer device. The fixing device includes a fixing belt grounded via a protective resistor, a heater contacting the fixing belt, and a pressure rotator grounded and facing the fixing belt to form a nip. The power supply applies an alternating current voltage to the heater. The transfer device includes a transferor grounded and an opposed rotator facing the transferor to form a nip. The transferor has a transfer resistance Rt satisfying a following expression, ? "\[LeftBracketingBar]" Rf // ( jXs + Rp + Rt ) jXh + Rf // ( jXs + Rp + Rt ) · Rt jXs + Rp + Rt ? "\[RightBracketingBar]" < 0.3 where Rf is a resistance value of the protective resistor, Rp is a resistance value of a recording medium, jXs is an impedance of the fixing belt, and jXh is an impedance of the heater.

Abstract: A conveyance device to convey a recording medium includes a heater, a first temperature detector, a second temperature detector, and a recording medium detector. The heater heats the recording medium. The first temperature detector and the second temperature detector detect a temperature of the heater. The recording medium detector detects the recording medium. The first temperature detector is disposed at a position farther from a center position of a heating region of the heater than the second temperature detector in a conveyance orthogonal direction. The conveyance orthogonal direction is along a surface of the recording medium and orthogonal to a direction in which the recording medium is conveyed. The recording medium detector is disposed on a side opposite to the first temperature detector with respect to the second temperature detector in the conveyance orthogonal direction.

Abstract: A heating device includes a first rotator, a heater including a base and a heat generator, and a second rotator contacting the first rotator. The heat generator adjacent to the base defines a heat generation area having one edge close to one edge of the base in a longitudinal direction of the base. A length between the one edge of the base and the one edge of the heat generation area is longer than a length between the other edge of the base and the other edge of the heat generation area. The second rotator has one edge close to the one edge of the heat generation area. A length between the one edge of the second rotator and the one edge of the heat generation area is shorter than a length between the other edge of the second rotator and the other edge of the heat generation area.

Abstract: A heating device includes a rotator, a heater, a heater holder, and a first high thermal conduction member. The heater includes a base and a plurality of heat generators being arranged on the base and including neighboring heat generators. The heater has a gap area between the neighboring heat generators. The first high thermal conduction member has a higher thermal conductivity than the base and faces the gap area.

Abstract: A heating device includes a first rotator, a heater including a base and a heat generator, and a second rotator contacting the first rotator. The heat generator adjacent to the base defines a heat generation area having one edge close to one edge of the base in a longitudinal direction of the base. A length between the one edge of the base and the one edge of the heat generation area is longer than a length between the other edge of the base and the other edge of the heat generation area. The second rotator has one edge close to the one edge of the heat generation area. A length between the one edge of the second rotator and the one edge of the heat generation area is shorter than a length between the other edge of the second rotator and the other edge of the heat generation area.

Abstract: A heating device includes a planar heater, a rotator, a pressure rotator, a heating device frame, a resistor, and a discharger. The pressure rotator has a conductive outer surface and presses the rotator. The heating device frame holds the pressure rotator. The discharger is in contact with the conductive outer surface of the pressure rotator and grounded via the resistor and the heating device frame.

Abstract: A conveyance device to convey a recording medium includes a heater, a first temperature detector, a second temperature detector, and a recording medium detector. The heater heats the recording medium. The first temperature detector and the second temperature detector detect a temperature of the heater. The recording medium detector detects the recording medium. The first temperature detector is disposed at a position farther from a center position of a heating region of the heater than the second temperature detector in a conveyance orthogonal direction. The conveyance orthogonal direction is along a surface of the recording medium and orthogonal to a direction in which the recording medium is conveyed. The recording medium detector is disposed on a side opposite to the first temperature detector with respect to the second temperature detector in the conveyance orthogonal direction.

Abstract: A heater control device includes a triac connected in series between an alternating-current power supply and a heater, the triac including a first main electrode, a second main electrode, and a gate electrode; a phototriac coupler configured to transmit a heater trigger signal to the gate electrode of the triac; a first resistor and a second resistor each of which is connected in series to the phototriac coupler and configured to limit current in accordance with a phase control enable signal indicative of a period of phase control; and a resistor selection circuit configured to select one of the first resistor and the second resistor and connect the selected resistor to the second main electrode of the triac. The first resistor and the second resistor have different rated powers and different breakabilities from each other.

Abstract: A heating device includes a first rotator, a heater including a base and a heat generator, and a second rotator contacting the first rotator. The heat generator adjacent to the base defines a heat generation area having one edge close to one edge of the base in a longitudinal direction of the base. A length between the one edge of the base and the one edge of the heat generation area is longer than a length between the other edge of the base and the other edge of the heat generation area. The second rotator has one edge close to the one edge of the heat generation area. A length between the one edge of the second rotator and the one edge of the heat generation area is shorter than a length between the other edge of the second rotator and the other edge of the heat generation area.

Abstract: A heating device includes a heating rotator, a pressure rotator, a planar heater, and a holder. The pressure rotator is configured to press against the fixing rotator to form a nip through which the recording medium is conveyed. The planar heater includes a plurality of heat generators arranged side by side and at least one separation region between the plurality of heat generators. The holder holds the planar heater and contacts the planar heater in a pressure direction in which the pressure rotator presses the heating rotator. The holder includes at least one clearance structure configured to cause a contact area between the planar heater and a portion of the holder corresponding to the at least one separation region to be smaller than a contact area between the planar heater and a portion of the holder not corresponding to the at least one separation region.

Abstract: A heating device includes a planar heater, a rotator, a pressure rotator, a heating device frame, a resistor, and a discharger. The pressure rotator has a conductive outer surface and presses the rotator. The heating device frame holds the pressure rotator. The discharger is in contact with the conductive outer surface of the pressure rotator and grounded via the resistor and the heating device frame.

Abstract: A heating device includes a rotator, a heater, a heater holder, and a first high thermal conduction member. The heater includes a base and a plurality of heat generators being arranged on the base and including neighboring heat generators. The heater has a gap area between the neighboring heat generators. The first high thermal conduction member has a higher thermal conductivity than the base and faces the gap area.

Abstract: A center device is used in a probe center that collects information from a plurality of vehicles, and functions as an anomaly detector detecting anomaly of travel environment caused on a road. The center device obtains drive data from a vehicle, and determines a probability of anomaly resolution regarding anomaly in a travel environment caused on the road, based on the obtained drive data. The center device, upon determining that anomaly may possibly be resolvable, obtains image data used for a situation determination of an abnormal area, and also obtains a determination result of anomaly resolution based on the image data.

Abstract: A coherent light source outputs coherent light including high-order harmonics obtained by irradiating short-pulse laser light to a nonlinear medium. A spectrometer includes a grating that diffracts the coherent light and an image sensor that measures an image of the diffracted light. In a first state, a first double slit having a pair of apertures spaced apart in a first direction is arranged at a predetermined position between coherent light source and an incident slit of spectrometer. In a second state, a second double slit that is a replica of first double slit is arranged at the predetermined position as a replacement of first double slit with a sample held in one aperture. A calculation processing device calculates optical constants of the sample based on interference images measured in the first and second states.