Abstract: A control system for an internal combustion engine having a throttle valve disposed in an intake passage of the engine. A target intake air amount of the engine is calculated, and an intake pressure of the engine is estimated. A wide-open intake air amount is calculated according to the engine rotational speed, and a theoretical intake air amount is calculated according to the wide-open intake air amount and the intake pressure. The wide-open intake air amount is an intake air amount corresponding to a state where the throttle valve is fully opened, and the theoretical intake air amount is an intake air amount corresponding to a state where no exhaust gas of the engine is recirculated to a combustion chamber of the engine. further, an exhaust gas recirculation ratio is calculated using the theoretical intake air amount and the target intake air amount, and a target output torque of the engine is calculated using the target intake air amount and the exhaust gas recirculation ratio.

Abstract: An intake control system for an internal combustion engine is capable of ensuring a differential pressure across an EGR valve, and controlling an EGR amount with high accuracy. A target fresh air amount is set based on a demanded torque calculated according to operating conditions of the engine. A differential pressure across an EGR valve is set as a target differential pressure. When it is determined that the across-valve differential pressure is not in a state in which the target differential pressure can be ensured, an opening degree of the EGR valve is controlled to limit an EGR amount. An opening degree of a throttle valve is controlled based on the target fresh air amount, so as to ensure the target differential pressure.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a magnetic recording medium sequentially forms a magnetic recording layer, a protection layer, and a lubricant layer on a stacked body. The stacked body is enclosed in a transfer container unit without exposing the stacked body to atmosphere after forming the protection layer on the stacked body by a deposition apparatus, and the transfer container unit is transported to a vapor-phase lubrication deposition apparatus. The stacked body is removed from the transfer container unit without exposing the stacked body to the atmosphere, in order to form the lubricant layer on the stacked body within the vapor-phase lubrication deposition apparatus.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a magnetic recording medium sequentially forms a magnetic recording layer, a protection layer, and a lubricant layer on a stacked body. The stacked body is enclosed in a transfer container unit without exposing the stacked body to atmosphere after forming the protection layer on the stacked body by a deposition apparatus, and the transfer container unit is transported to a vapor-phase lubrication deposition apparatus. The stacked body is removed from the transfer container unit without exposing the stacked body to the atmosphere, in order to form the lubricant layer on the stacked body within the vapor-phase lubrication deposition apparatus.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a magnetic recording medium sequentially forms a magnetic recording layer, a protection layer, and a lubricant layer on a stacked body. The lubricant layer is formed by vapor-phase lubrication without exposing the stacked body to atmosphere after forming the protection layer on the stacked body. A region having a gas pressure P3 is provided in a transport path of the stacked body after the formation of the protection layer and before the formation of the lubricant layer, satisfying relationships P3>P1 and P3>P2, where P1 denotes a process gas pressure at a time of forming the protection layer, and P2 denotes a process gas pressure at a time of forming the lubricant layer.

Abstract: A control system for an internal combustion engine is provided. In the control system, a target intake air amount is calculated according to a target output torque of the engine, and an intake air amount of the engine is controlled according to the target intake air amount. An ignition timing of the engine is controlled.

Abstract: In an intake system comprising a first intake passage (1) having an upstream end communicating with an intake duct (3) and a downstream end communicating with an intake port of an engine cylinder, a first intake control valve (6) provided in the first intake passage, a second intake passage (2) having an upstream end communicating with the intake duct and a downstream end communicating with the intake port of the engine cylinder, a second intake control valve (7) provided in the second intake passage, an accelerator pedal(ACL) and a control unit (100) for controlling opening angles of the first and second intake control valves, the second intake control valve is opened when the first intake control valve has opened to an effective opening angle and an intake air flow rate is required to be further increased.

Abstract: A control system for an internal combustion engine having a throttle valve disposed in an intake passage of the engine. A target intake air amount of the engine is calculated, and an intake pressure of the engine is estimated. A wide-open intake air amount is calculated according to the engine rotational speed, and a theoretical intake air amount is calculated according to the wide-open intake air amount and the intake pressure. The wide-open intake air amount is an intake air amount corresponding to a state where the throttle valve is fully opened, and the theoretical intake air amount is an intake air amount corresponding to a state where no exhaust gas of the engine is recirculated to a combustion chamber of the engine. further, an exhaust gas recirculation ratio is calculated using the theoretical intake air amount and the target intake air amount, and a target output torque of the engine is calculated using the target intake air amount and the exhaust gas recirculation ratio.

Abstract: In an intake system comprising a first intake passage (1) having an upstream end communicating with an intake duct (3) and a downstream end communicating with an intake port of an engine cylinder, a first intake control valve (6) provided in the first intake passage, a second intake passage (2) having an upstream end communicating with the intake duct and a downstream end communicating with the intake port of the engine cylinder, a second intake control valve (7) provided in the second intake passage, an accelerator pedal (ACL) and a control unit (100) for controlling opening angles of the first and second intake control valves, the second intake control valve is opened when the first intake control valve has opened to an effective opening angle and an intake air flow rate is required to be further increased.

Abstract: A control system for an internal combustion engine is provided. In the control system, a target intake air amount is calculated according to a target output torque of the engine, and an intake air amount of the engine is controlled according to the target intake air amount. An ignition timing of the engine is controlled.

Abstract: A laser beam is focused onto a substrate for texturing the substrate surface to form a multiplicity of microscopic bumps thereon, wherein the laser beam to be focused is continuously modulated at an I.sub.max /I.sub.min ratio in the range from 10 to 100 wherein I.sub.max is the maximum amplitude of pulse oscillating laser beam output and I.sub.min is the minimum amplitude of pulse oscillating laser beam output, while the minimum output of the laser beam is controlled to a level lower than the minimum energy required for creating the microscopic bumps. A magnetic recording medium having good CSS characteristics can be produced at a high production rate from the laser-textured substrate.