Abstract: A method of manufacturing a pipe coupling that prevents leakage including: forming a semi-tubular portion and flat portions along opposite sides of the semi-tubular portion; deforming the flat portions to produce larger bending depth and smaller width; bending portions of the flat portions so that the bent portions form acute angles in relation to the semi-tubular portion with sloping flat portions extending from the semi-tubular portion, and distal narrow flat portions; pushing the sloping flat portions away from the semi-tubular portion; pressing the semi-tubular portion, the sloping flat portions, and the narrow flat portions to produce a final shape; and removing burrs so that the semi-tubular portion of the final shape comes into close contact with an outer circumferential surface of a pipe, and the final flat portions are integrally formed along opposite side edges of the semi-tubular portion in a common plane.

Abstract: An insulating substrate 1 includes an electrically insulative layer 2, a wiring layer 3 formed on one side of the electrically insulative layer 2 and formed of a spark plasma sintered body of an electrically conductive material powder, and a stress relaxation layer 4 formed on the other side of the electrically insulative layer 2 and formed of a spark plasma sintered body of an alloy powder or a mixed powder to be formed into a metal composite. The wiring layer 3 is formed of a spark sintered body of a powder selected from the group consisting of an Al powder, a Cu powder, an Ag powder, and an Au powder. The stress relaxation layer 4 is formed of a spark plasma sintered body of a powder selected from the group consisting of an Al—Si alloy powder, a mixed powder of a Cu powder and an Mo powder, a mixed powder of a Cu powder and a W powder, a mixed powder of an Al powder and an SiC powder, and a mixed powder of an Si powder and an SiC powder.

Abstract: In a first step of this method, a first intermediate product 42 having a coupling portion forming portion 16d and flat portions 21 is produced. In a second step, there is produced a second intermediate product 44 which is larger in the bending depth of the coupling portion forming portion 16d and is smaller in width of the flat portions 21 than the first intermediate product 42. In a third step, a third intermediate product 36 having the coupling portion forming portion 16d, sloping flat portions 34, and narrow flat portions 35 is produced. In a fourth step, the sloping flat portions 34 of the third intermediate product 36 are pressed obliquely upward so as to cause the material to move to the boundaries between the sloping flat portions 35 and the side walls of the coupling portion forming portion 16d, to thereby produce a fourth intermediate product 37.

Abstract: A flat heat transfer tube has upper and lower walls and fluid channels. Two to five inner fins are formed on each of two surfaces of the flat walls facing each fluid channel. The tube height is 1.8 mm or less; the tube width is 20 mm or less; the fluid channel height is 1.0 mm or less; the fluid channel width w1 is 2.0 mm or less; the fluid diameter is 0.3 to 1.2 mm; and the thickness t of each wall is 0.4 mm or less. The ratio h2/t of the fin height h2 to the wall thickness t satisfies the relation 0.5?h2/t?2.0. The ratio p1/w1 of the fin pitch p1 to the fluid channel width w1 satisfies the relation 0.15?p1/w1?1/n (where n is the number of the inner fins formed on one of the two surfaces).