Abstract: The invention relates to a capacitive electrode comprising: an electrode housing comprising: ˜a number of housing walls that enclose a housing space; and ˜an opening that is operatively connected to the housing space, and wherein the opening is configured to be positioned adjacent an end membrane of a membrane stack; —a capacitive layer that is positioned in the housing space; —a current feeder that is positioned in the housing space and that is in electrical contact with the capacitive layer; —a gel layer that is positioned in contact with the capacitive layer; wherein the gel layer is provided in or adjacent to the opening such that the gel layer seals the opening, or wherein the gel layer is positioned near a bottom housing wall of the housing and the current feeder is positioned in or near the opening.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for fouling reduction and/or fouling removal and/or prevention of fouling in membrane based fluid-flow processes, such as ED, RED, EDR, CDI, fuel cells, filtration, flow batteries, and a device capable of performing such methods.