Abstract: The invention consists of a mechanism the parts of which specified in the invention result in a low energy process for the removal of many and various contaminants from an aqueous solution. The principal parts of the mechanism are to drive the contaminated aqueous solution by means of gravity or low pressure through graphene oxide membrane layers stacked closely at atomic scale.

Abstract: The present invention provides a methods and compositions for treating a patient having a skin condition characterized by vascular hyper-reactivity, such as chronic or episodic flushing or blushing, and/or rosacea. The method comprises applying a topical composition to affected areas of the patient's skin. The topical composition comprises an effective amount of a botulinum neurotoxin for decreasing vasodilation in cutaneous microvasculature, and a carrier for effectively transporting the botulinum toxin to the cutaneous microvasculature. The invention thereby provides a safe, effective, comfortable, and/or convenient manner of treating vascular hyper-reactivity in skin.