Abstract: Systems and methods for additive manufacturing of biological matter with desired non-homogeneous and non-isotropic textures from deposited 2-D or 3-D printed elements. Desired textures, such as anisotropic structure at the microscale level, are achieved through a combination of controlled chemical, thermal and freezing steps producing crosslinked anisotropic structures by directional solidification. The apparatus has a movable printing platform associated with a heating module and a cooling module separated by a gap that creates a thermal gradient permitting directional solidification of a printed object as the platform moves over the modules.

Abstract: A method of additive manufacturing biological matter is provided. The method includes preparing an aqueous solution, combining the aqueous solution with a thickening gent, forming the combination into a plurality of two-dimensional individual volume elements in parallel, assembling the plurality of individual volume elements in a three-dimensional array and solidifying the three-dimensional array. Methods of additive manufacturing a food product and a three-dimensional structure with aqueous solution or organic matter are also provided. A system for additively depositing elements including an aqueous solution or organic matter is also provided.

Abstract: A method of commerce including ecommerce that combines sports betting and a securities market exchange. Options are created that represent a wager that a chosen team will win a specific competition or at least beat the spread. Equally priced options are exchanged for a ticket value between registered account holders through a website Controller before the start of a sporting competition. The Controller ceases formation of options before the start of the sporting competition. Registered account holder may buy and sell tickets to each other before and during the competition. Valuation of ticket prices fluctuates after the start of the competition and is established by a sports-specific formula, a market value proscribed by each ticket holder, a counteroffer proffered by an interested buyer, or a combination thereof. The Controller extracts a transaction fee for any or all sales and/or transactions.