Abstract: A method of creating a highly conductive transparent layer on a substrate without subjecting the substrate to high temperatures is disclosed. Pulsed laser energy of a wavelength and energy fluence within a selected range is used to crystallize a selected amorphous material using a low number of pulses (optimally as few as one) to form highly electrically conductive thin films that are optically transparent at visible wavelengths. This method does not subject the substrate to sustained higher temperatures and accordingly is particularly suitable for making transparent conductive thin film structures on substrates such as plastic that do not tolerate sustained higher processing temperatures.