Abstract: A method of calibrating a spectrographic inspection system, comprises providing a plurality of packages, each of the plurality of packages containing a group of items, wherein each of the groups of items has a known composition, measuring the reflectance value of each of the groups of items and thereby obtaining a reference reflectance value set, normalizing the reference reflectance value set and thereby creating a normalized reference reflectance value set, and storing the normalized reference reflectance value set.

Abstract: A method of calibrating a spectrographic inspection system, comprises providing a plurality of packages, each of the plurality of packages containing a group of items, wherein each of the groups of items has a known composition, measuring the reflectance value of each of the groups of items and thereby obtaining a reference reflectance value set, normalizing the reference reflectance value set and thereby creating a normalized reference reflectance value set, and storing the normalized reference reflectance value set.

Abstract: Dialysate preparation apparatus including dialysate and blood flow lines connected to a dialyzer, fluid control mechanisms on the lines to control conditions of fluid in the lines, fluid condition sensors on the lines to sense the conditions of fluid in the lines, a digital control processor receiving signals from the sensors and controlling the mechanism to achieve desired fluid conditions, and the digital monitor processor receiving signals from the sensors and verifying that fluid conditions meet predetermined safety limits.

Abstract: Dialysate preparation apparatus having a main flow line having one end for connection to a source of water and another end for providing dialysate to a dialyzer, a concentrate flow line having one end connected to a junction on the main flow line and another end with a connector for alternatively connecting the concentrate line to a source of dialysate concentrate or a source of cleaning fluid, a source of dialysate connectable to the connector, a source of cleaning fluid having a cleaning fluid flow line with an end that is connectable to the connector, a flow sensing switch on the cleaning fluid flow line, and a controller connected to receive a signal from the switch to verify that the apparatus is in a cleaning mode when the switch indicates fluid flowing in the flow line. Also disclosed is a controller providing an initial backflush prior to pumping cleaning fluid into the apparatus in order to provide a water interface between the dialysate and the incoming cleaning fluid.