Abstract: Embodiments of the disclosure are in the field of integrated circuit structure fabrication. In an example, an integrated circuit structure includes a plurality of conductive lines, individual ones of the plurality of conductive lines having a liner including molybdenum (Mo), and a fill including tungsten (W). The integrated circuit structure also includes an inter-layer dielectric (ILD) structure having portions between adjacent ones of the plurality of conductive lines.

Abstract: Embodiments disclosed herein include a semiconductor device and methods of forming such a device. In an embodiment, the semiconductor device comprises a substrate and a transistor on the substrate. In an embodiment, the transistor comprises a first gate electrode, where the first gate electrode is part of a first array of gate electrodes with a first pitch. In an embodiment, the first gate electrode has a first average grain size. In an embodiment, the semiconductor device further comprises a component cell on the substrate. In an embodiment, the component cell comprises a second gate electrode, where the second gate electrode is part of a second array of gate electrodes with a second pitch that is larger than the first pitch. In an embodiment, the second gate electrode has a second average grain size that is larger than the first average grain size.

Abstract: Gate-all-around integrated circuit structures having molybdenum nitride metal gates and gate dielectrics with a dipole layer are described. For example, an integrated circuit structure includes a first vertical arrangement of horizontal nanowires, and a second vertical arrangement of horizontal nanowires. A first gate stack is over the first vertical arrangement of horizontal nanowires, the first gate stack having a P-type conductive layer on a first gate dielectric. The P-type conductive layer includes molybdenum and nitrogen. A second gate stack is over the second vertical arrangement of horizontal nanowires, the second gate stack having an N-type conductive layer on a second gate dielectric.

Abstract: The present invention provides, in a first aspect, an electrical generation system which includes an electrolyzer and a fuel cell system. The electrolyzer is coupled to a source of water and a power source. The electrolyzer is configured to generate oxygen and hydrogen utilizing water from the water source and electrical power from the power source. The fuel cell system is coupled to the electrolyzer to receive a flow of the hydrogen from the electrolyzer at an anode thereof. The fuel cell system includes a cathode having a cathode chamber coupled to a source of ambient air. The cathode chamber is coupled to the electrolyzer to selectively allow a flow of the oxygen from the electrolyzer to the cathode chamber and to selectively allow a flow of air from the source of ambient air to the cathode chamber. The fuel cell system is configured to generate electricity in a fuel cell reaction utilizing the hydrogen and the oxygen.

Abstract: Gate-all-around integrated circuit structures having molybdenum nitride metal gates and gate dielectrics with a dipole layer are described. For example, an integrated circuit structure includes a first vertical arrangement of horizontal nanowires, and a second vertical arrangement of horizontal nanowires. A first gate stack is over the first vertical arrangement of horizontal nanowires, the first gate stack having a P-type conductive layer on a first gate dielectric. The P-type conductive layer includes molybdenum and nitrogen. A second gate stack is over the second vertical arrangement of horizontal nanowires, the second gate stack having an N-type conductive layer on a second gate dielectric.

Abstract: Embodiments disclosed herein include a semiconductor device and methods of forming such a device. In an embodiment, the semiconductor device comprises a substrate and a transistor on the substrate. In an embodiment, the transistor comprises a first gate electrode, where the first gate electrode is part of a first array of gate electrodes with a first pitch. In an embodiment, the first gate electrode has a first average grain size. In an embodiment, the semiconductor device further comprises a component cell on the substrate. In an embodiment, the component cell comprises a second gate electrode, where the second gate electrode is part of a second array of gate electrodes with a second pitch that is larger than the first pitch. In an embodiment, the second gate electrode has a second average grain size that is larger than the first average grain size.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are structures, methods, and assemblies related to metallization in integrated circuit (IC) structures. For example, in some embodiments, an IC structure may include a first nanowire in a metal region and a second nanowire in the metal region. A distance between the first nanowire and the second nanowire may be less than 5 nanometers, and the metal region may include tungsten between the first nanowire and the second nanowire.

Abstract: Articles including a surface spreading agent, oilfield water storage systems that employ the articles, and methods of managing an oilfield water storage system are provided herein. In an embodiment, an article includes a film-forming composition and a densifying agent. The film-forming composition includes a surface spreading agent present in an amount of at least 5 weight %, based on the total weight of the film-forming composition. The densifying agent has a higher density than water and the surface spreading agent. The film-forming composition is packaged in an impervious material.

Abstract: Articles including a surface spreading agent, oilfield water storage systems that employ the articles, and methods of managing an oilfield water storage system are provided herein. In an embodiment, an article includes a film-forming composition and a densifying agent. The film-forming composition includes a surface spreading agent present in an amount of at least 5 weight %, based on the total weight of the film-forming composition. The densifying agent has a higher density than water and the surface spreading agent. The film-forming composition is packaged in an impervious material.

Abstract: Electrochemical power systems of modular design are provided. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, an electrochemical power system is provided comprising a container, at least one container reactant port, at least one container electrical power output port, module mounting hardware within the container, and a set of fuel cell modules within the container. Each of the fuel cell modules is mounted within the container via the module mounting hardware. Each of the fuel cell modules comprises at least one modular reactant port and at least one modular electrical power output port.

Abstract: A fuel cell system that employs a purge valve, an accumulator and a bleed valve for selectively purging and bleeding anode exhaust gas. When the purge valve is opened, the anode exhaust gas purges to the accumulator where it is collected. The bleed valve provides a controlled release of the anode exhaust gas from the accumulator that allows the concentration of hydrogen bled from the accumulator to remain below its combustible limit. In one embodiment, the purged anode exhaust gas is combined with the cathode exhaust gas and released to atmosphere. In another embodiment, the purged anode exhaust gas is combined with a cathode input gas. In another embodiment, the purged anode exhaust gas is combined with an anode input gas.

Abstract: An electrochemical propulsion system in a vehicle comprises a hydrogen generator for converting fuel into hydrogen-containing gas and a fuel cell stack using the hydrogen-containing gas to produce electricity to power a drive motor for the vehicle. The fuel cell stack is oriented parallel to the vehicle longitudinal direction. The hydrogen generator is arranged longitudinally forward of the fuel cell stack and to the lateral side of the fuel cell stack. The fuel cell stack and the hydrogen generator are located within a front vehicle compartment of the vehicle in a closely adjacent manner. The hydrogen generator comprises a combustor for producing heat, a reformer closely adjacent to the combustor for converting fuel into hydrogen-containing gas using heat from the combustor, and a reactor to reduce carbon monoxide content from the hydrogen-containing gas wherein the reactor is adjacent to and downstream of the reformer. The drive motor is operatively connected to a wheel axle for driving vehicle wheels.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for refueling a vehicle powered by an electrochemical engine comprises a fuel fill pocket accessible to the exterior of the vehicle and having an interior end with an opening to a hydrogen refueling line. The hydrogen refueling line extends between the fuel fill pocket and a storage tank in the engine. A fuel fill door conceals the fuel fill pocket when closed and operates to open for access to the fuel fill pocket. A nozzle is operably connected to a refueling station and is slideably receivable within the fuel fill pocket. The nozzle has a hydrogen input line. The refueling apparatus has a flow communication means to ensure the hydrogen input line is in flow communication with the hydrogen refueling line for delivering hydrogen. Mating communication ports in the nozzle and the fuel fill pocket operate to send and receive electronic signals therebetween and to a controller for controlling the operation of refueling.

Abstract: An electrochemical engine for a vehicle comprises a storage tank containing hydrogen-retention material which reversibly takes-up and stores hydrogen at a hydrogen-storage temperature and releases it upon heating to a release temperature. A fuel cell stack using the released hydrogen produces electricity and heat by-product. A primary coolant flow circuit extends from a radiator, through the fuel cell stack and the storage tank, and back to the radiator, and has a coolant-distribution valve intermediate the fuel cell stack and the storage tank. A bypass coolant flow line extends from the coolant-distribution valve to the radiator. During operation, the heat by-product of the fuel cell stack is transferred via the primary coolant flow circuit to the storage tank for heating the hydrogen-retention material to release hydrogen for fueling the fuel cell stack.

Abstract: Small engine control is provided in which a manual selection of an engine operating level, such as from a positioning of a movable selector between a discrete number of selection settings is used to reference open-loop fuel, air, and ignition timing commands for application to respective actuators in accord with simple yet accurate and flexible engine control. Control precision, sensitivity, and stability are enhanced through engine parameter feedback control, wherein any of the open-loop air, fuel and ignition timing commands may be adjusted in accord with a difference between a feedback signal and a target value.

Abstract: A reflective marker apparatus comprises a resilient, elastic body portion having an attachment surface, a top surface adjacent the attachment surface and first and second oppositely disposed face sides angularly disposed relative to the attachment surface to be convergent toward the top surface. A reflecting device is secured to at least one of the first and second face sides for reflecting light generally directed at the face sides. The body is preferably formed from a portion of a rubber tire to form a solid, unitary body. There is also disclosed a method of marking a point in a vehicular traffic area, the method including the steps of attaching to the point a body formed entirely from at least a portion of a rubber tire and having a reflecting surface thereon and using the reflecting surface to reflect light received from the lights of a nearby vehicle, such that reflected light is directed back at the vehicle. In addition, there is described a reflector for general application on vehicle area markers.

Abstract: A throttle follower controller for establishing a release throttle position upon the release of the throttle by the vehicle operator which is maintained at a specified value for a predetermined time if the vehicle transmission is experiencing an upshift or if an upshift will occur upon the release of the throttle to provide for a smooth upshift. Upon completion of the upshift or if no upshift will occur upon release of the throttle, a controlled transition of the throttle angle to a predetermined lower coastdown value is established to prevent drive-on while preventing a sudden harsh drive line jerk upon release of the vehicle throttle.