Abstract: Embodiments are directed to operating a multi-engine aircraft during a cruise flight condition. A first engine is put off-line during flight while allowing a second engine to continue operating. The second engine provides sufficient power to maintain the multi-engine aircraft in the cruise flight condition. An outside air temperature, a first engine temperature, and/or an engine oil temperature is monitored and, when the temperature is below a predetermined threshold, the engine oil for the off-line first engine is warmed. The off-line engine oil may be warmed by continuously or periodically cranking the first engine without restarting the first engine. Alternatively, the engine oil may be warmed using a heat exchanger, such as an air-to-oil or oil-to-oil heat exchanger, or by using electronic heaters on an oil tank.

Abstract: Herein are described a solid-state quasi-collimation stack and system containing the same. Also are described methods for narrow beamforming of electromagnetic radiation intended for the measurement of fluid samples. The solid-state quasi collimation stack typically comprises multiple layers of electromagnetic radiation blocking and absorbing components that selectively allow the passage of near-parallel electromagnetic beams.

Abstract: Herein are described modular well plate systems having a reusable frame that is configured to receive a plurality of disposable modules. The systems being useful for, inter alia, performing multiplexed analytical scientific research.