Abstract: The disclosure relates to a robotic surgical system for treating an anatomical structure (B1), comprising: —a base (10) configured to be handheld by a user, —an end effector (13) holding a surgical tool (2), —an actuation unit (12) coupled to the end effector, configured to move the end effector relative to the base, —a tracking unit (3) configured to determine in real time a position of the surgical tool with respect to a coordinate system of the anatomical structure, —a control unit (6) coupled to the tracking unit and to the actuation unit, the control unit being configured to: # compute a path of the tool (2) to remove a planned volume of the anatomical structure, and # control the actuation unit to move the surgical tool according to the computed path to burr the planned volume, wherein the control unit is configured to determine an external surface (S) of the anatomical structure (B1) to be treated and to compute the tool path such that the surgical tool remains under said external surface (S) during tr

Abstract: Surgical navigation trackers with guards are described that can aid in protecting tracking elements from accumulating liquids thereon, which can negatively impact surgical navigation performance. The surgical navigation trackers described herein can be utilized with a variety of systems and procedures. For example, in one embodiment a system is described that includes a surgical device having an end effector configured for manipulating tissue and a surgical navigation tracker configured to be coupled to any of a surgical instrument and an anatomical structure. The surgical navigation tracker can include a tracking element and a guard configured to be positioned between the tracking element and the cutting tool, as well as a tracking unit configured to determine a position of the surgical navigation tracker.

Abstract: The invention relates to a surgical system for cutting an anatomical structure (F, T) of a patient according to at least one target plane defined in a coordinate system of the anatomical structure, comprising: (i) a robotic device (100) comprising: —an end effector (2), —an actuation unit (4) having at least three motorized degrees of freedom, configured for adjusting a position and orientation of the end effector (2) relative to each target plane, —a passive planar mechanism (24) connecting the terminal part (40) of the actuation unit (4) to the end effector (2); (ii) a tracker (203) rigidly attached to the end effector (2), (iii) a tracking unit (200) configured to determine in real time the pose of the end effector (2) with respect to the coordinate system of the anatomical structure, a control unit (300) configured to determine the pose of the end effector with respect to the target plane and to control the actuation unit so as to bring the cutting plane into alignment with the target plane.

Abstract: The invention relates to a surgical system for cutting an anatomical structure (F, T) of a patient according to at least one target plane defined in a coordinate system of the anatomical structure, comprising: i) a robotic device (100) comprising: —a cutting tool, —an actuation unit (4) comprising from three to five motorized degrees of freedom, said actuation unit comprising at least one portion having a parallel architecture comprising a base (40) and a platform (41) selectively orientable relative to the base (40) according to at least two of said motorized degrees of freedom, —a planar mechanism (24) connecting a terminal part of the actuation unit (4) to the cutting tool (2), ii) a passive articulated lockable holding arm (51) supporting the actuation unit, iii) a tracking unit (200) configured to determine in real time the pose of the cutting plane with respect to the coordinate system of the anatomical structure, iv) a control unit (300) configured to determine the pose of the cutting plane with respec

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a surgical system for treating an anatomical structure according to a plurality of target planes and/or axes, comprising: a robotic device (1) comprising: an end effector (2) defining a current plane or axis, an actuation unit (11) coupled to the end effector (2), a tracking unit (3) configured to determine a pose of the current plane or axis, a control unit coupled to the tracking unit and configured to control the actuation unit (11) to align the current plane or axis of the end effector (2) with each one of the plurality of target planes and/or axes to treat the anatomical structure, the robotic device being operable in at least the following modes: a working mode wherein a treatment is being performed with the end effector constrained to one target plane or axis by the actuation unit, and a waiting mode wherein no treatment is being performed and the actuation unit is operable to move the end effector in alignment with another target plane or axis, wherein the contr

Abstract: The invention relates to a surgical system for cutting an anatomical structure (F, T) of a patient according to at least one target plane defined in a coordinate system of the anatomical structure, comprising: (i) a robotic device (100) comprising: —an end effector (2), —an actuation unit (4) having at least three motorized degrees of freedom, configured for adjusting a position and orientation of the end effector (2) relative to each target plane, —a passive planar mechanism (24) connecting the terminal part (40) of the actuation unit (4) to the end effector (2); (ii) a tracker (203) rigidly attached to the end effector (2), (iii) a tracking unit (200) configured to determine in real time the pose of the end effector (2) with respect to the coordinate system of the anatomical structure, a control unit (300) configured to determine the pose of the end effector with respect to the target plane and to control the actuation unit so as to bring the cutting plane into alignment with the target plane.

Abstract: The invention relates to a surgical system for cutting an anatomical structure (F, T) of a patient according to at least one target plane defined in a coordinate system of the anatomical structure, comprising: i) a robotic device (100) comprising: —a cutting tool, —an actuation unit (4) comprising from three to five motorized degrees of freedom, said actuation unit comprising at least one portion having a parallel architecture comprising a base (40) and a platform (41) selectively orientable relative to the base (40) according to at least two of said motorized degrees of freedom, —a planar mechanism (24) connecting a terminal part of the actuation unit (4) to the cutting tool (2), ii) a passive articulated lockable holding arm (51) supporting the actuation unit, iii) a tracking unit (200) configured to determine in real time the pose of the cutting plane with respect to the coordinate system of the anatomical structure, iv) a control unit (300) configured to determine the pose of the cutting plane with respec

Abstract: The invention relates to a surgical system for cutting an anatomical structure (F, T) of a patient according to at least one target plane defined in a coordinate system of the anatomical structure, comprising: (i) a robotic device (100) comprising: —a cutting tool, —an actuation unit (4) having a serial architecture comprising from three to five motorized degrees of freedom, at least two of said motorized degrees of freedom being rotational degrees of freedom about respective rotation axes that are substantially orthogonal to each other, configured for adjusting a position and orientation of the cutting tool relative to each target plane, —a planar mechanism connecting the last segment of the actuation unit to the cutting tool; (ii) a passive articulated lockable holding arm (5) supporting the actuation unit (4); (iii) a tracking unit (200) configured to determine in real time the pose of the cutting plane with respect to the coordinate system of the anatomical structure, (iv) a control unit (300) configured

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a robotic system for removing bony material from an anatomical structure of a patient, comprising:—a base (4), —an end effector (2) configured to hold a surgical tool (1), —an actuation unit (3) configured to translate the end effector relative to the base at least along one feed axis (A), —a control unit coupled to the actuation unit (3) and configured to turn off the tool (1) and command the actuation unit (3) to translate the end effector (2) along the feed axis (A) while the tool is turned off, the control unit comprising a feedback unit configured to measure a force exerted by the surgical tool (1) onto the anatomical structure during said translation of the end effector (2) and, based on the measured force, detect a contact of the tool with bony material of the anatomical structure.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a surgical system for treating an anatomical structure according to a plurality of target planes and/or axes, comprising: a robotic device (1) comprising: an end effector (2) defining a current plane or axis, an actuation unit (11) coupled to the end effector (2), a tracking unit (3) configured to determine a pose of the current plane or axis, a control unit coupled to the tracking unit and configured to control the actuation unit (11) to align the current plane or axis of the end effector (2) with each one of the plurality of target planes and/or axes to treat the anatomical structure, the robotic device being operable in at least the following modes: a working mode wherein a treatment is being performed with the end effector constrained to one target plane or axis by the actuation unit, and a waiting mode wherein no treatment is being performed and the actuation unit is operable to move the end effector in alignment with another target plane or axis, wherein the contr

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method for guiding position and orientation of a robotic device holding a surgical tool configured for working a planned region of an anatomical structure, the robotic device comprising a base and an actuation unit coupled to the base and configured to move the surgical tool relative to the base, the method comprising: providing a user interface displaying a virtual representation (1) of the anatomical structure and a virtual representation (2) of a target region on the anatomical structure; detecting a presence of a distal tip (3) of the tool in the target region; changing a visual aspect of the virtual representation (2) of the target region when the tool tip (3) is detected in said target region; based on the position of the target region, computing a virtual goal (4) defining a spatial range of position and orientation of the robotic device in which the tool is capable of working at least a determined part of the planned region of the anatomical structure; displaying the vir

Abstract: A surgical system for cutting an anatomical structure (F, T) of a patient according to at least one target plane defined in a coordinate system of the anatomical structure comprises: (i) a robotic device (100) comprising: —an end effector comprising a cutting tool or a cutting block, —an actuation unit (4) comprising from three to five motorized degrees of freedom, attached to the end effector, configured for adjusting a position and orientation of the cutting tool or cutting block relative to each target plane, (ii) a passive articulated lockable holding arm (5) supporting the actuation unit (4); (iii) a tracking unit (200) configured to determine in real time the pose of the cutting plane with respect to the coordinate system of the anatomical structure, the tracking unit comprising a tracker configured to be rigidly attached to the actuation unit and a tracker configured to be rigidly attached to the end effector; (iv) a control unit (300) configured to determine the pose of the cutting plane with respect

Abstract: Surgical navigation trackers with guards are described that can aid in protecting tracking elements from accumulating liquids thereon, which can negatively impact surgical navigation performance. The surgical navigation trackers described herein can be utilized with a variety of systems and procedures. For example, in one embodiment a system is described that includes a surgical device having an end effector configured for manipulating tissue and a surgical navigation tracker configured to be coupled to any of a surgical instrument and an anatomical structure. The surgical navigation tracker can include a tracking element and a guard configured to be positioned between the tracking element and the cutting tool, as well as a tracking unit configured to determine a position of the surgical navigation tracker.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for guiding a surgical tool (200) held by a user relative to at least one target axis (T) defined in a coordinate system of a patient's spine, comprising: (i) a robotic device (300) comprising: —a base (301), —a guiding device (303) configured for constraining the tool to a guiding axis (G), —a compact motorized actuation unit (304) movable relative to the base (301), coupled to the guiding device (303) for adjusting a position and orientation of said guiding device relative to the target axis, —a support unit (305) connected to the base (301), comprising at least one element designed to make contact with the spine or a region of the patient's body adjacent to the spine so as to provide a partial mechanical link between the guiding device and the spine, (ii) a passive articulated lockable holding arm (400) supporting the base (301) of the robotic device, (iii) a tracking unit (500) configured to determine in real time the pose of the guiding axis with respect to the coordinat

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for positioning a surgical device, said surgical device comprising: a base (1) designed to be held in a user's hand, an end-effector (2) for mounting a surgical tool, respectively a guide (20) for guiding a surgical tool (3), said surgical tool being designed to treat a planned volume of a part (P1) of a patient's body, an actuation unit (4) connected to said base (1) and said end-effector (2) for moving said surgical tool (3), respectively tool guide (20), with respect to the base (1) in order to treat said planned volume, said positioning system comprising: (i) a tracking unit (200) configured to determine in real time the pose of at least one of the tool (3), the end-effector (2) and the base (1) with respect to the part to be treated, (ii) a control unit (300) configured to: (a) compute in real time the working space of the surgical tool for said determined pose, (b) compute in real time the volume that remains to be treated to achieve the treatment of the planned v

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for positioning a surgical device, said surgical device comprising: a base (1) designed to be held in a user's hand, an end-effector (2) for mounting a surgical tool, respectively a guide (20) for guiding a surgical tool (3), said surgical tool being designed to treat a planned volume of a part (P1) of a patient's body, an actuation unit (4) connected to said base (1) and said end-effector (2) for moving said surgical tool (3), respectively tool guide (20), with respect to the base (1) in order to treat said planned volume, said positioning system comprising: (i) a tracking unit (200) configured to determine in real time the pose of at least one of the tool (3), the end-effector (2) and the base (1) with respect to the part to be treated, (ii) a control unit (300) configured to: (a) compute in real time the working space of the surgical tool for said determined pose, (b) compute in real time the volume that remains to be treated to achieve the treatment of the planned v

Abstract: A method for the determination of the diffusion tensor anisotropy or the surface energy anisotropy that does not require the formation of particular structures, and that is capable of being performed in cases of moderate-amplitude perturbations. The invention relates to measuring the temporal evolution of natural or artificial roughnesses, and analyzing the results in the firm of the 2D power spectral density for moderate-amplitude perturbations typically characterized by amplitude/wavelength ratios of the perturbation for a spatially defined perturbation having two wavelengths along two orthogonal directions, the ratios typically being less than 0.3.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the determination of the diffusion tensor anisotropy or the surface energy anisotropy that does not require the formation of particular structures, and enables this type of determination to be performed in the case of moderate-amplitude perturbations. The invention is based on measuring the temporal evolution of natural or artificial roughnesses and on analyzing the results in the form of the 2D power spectral density for moderate-amplitude perturbations typically characterized by amplitude/wavelength ratios of the perturbation for a spatially defined perturbation having two wavelengths along two orthogonal directions, said ratios typically being less than 0.3.