Abstract: A microporous coating applied to solid members to protect them from stress, erosion, pitting, fatigue and failure when in contact with turbulent liquids. The coating is applied on the solid member as a liquid but becomes dry and microporous when the coated, solid member is dried and cured.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a system for causing the circulation or movement of a solution comprising a conduit for the solution, a solution of conical shaped particles and an asymmetric microporous membrane disposed in the conduit so that the solution can only pass the membrane through its pores. The pores of the membrane are tapered with substantially all of the large openings on one side of the membrane and substantially all of the small openings on the other side. The conical shaped solute particles can diffuse in both directions through the tapered holes of the membrane but have dimensions which preclude them turning around, fore to aft, inside the holes of the membrane.

Abstract: A microporous member for causing the circulation of a fluid therethrough. The microporous member is permeated by numerous sequentially interconnected oriented generally tapered voids. The microporous member and a fluid form a system wherein the fluid is urged through the microporous member. The microporous member is useful in causing the circulation of fluids.

Abstract: An aerator for use in the neck of a flask for increasing the flow of gas from the exterior to the interior of the flask. The aerator has a gas-impervious exterior wall a plurality of gas moving members are positioned within the wall and tend to urge gas through the aerator.

Abstract: A member for causing the circulation of a gas therethrough. The asymmetric member has numerous shaped pores through it such that the absolute effusional resistance to gas flow is anisotropic. The member is useful in causing the circulation of gases.

Abstract: A sheet like member for causing the circulation of a gas therethrough. The asymmetric member has numerous shaped pores through it such that the absolute effusional resistance to gas flow is anisotropic. The member is useful in causing the circulation of gases.

Abstract: A method of acetylation of all the hydroxyl groups in the sugar portion of nucleosides which comprises adding acetic acid to a nucleoside to be acetylated in a vessel provided with a reflux condenser, and heating the mixture in the absence of a catalyst until refluxing begins, adding an excess over the stoichiometric amount of acetic anhydride. Continued heating of the mixture is maintained until the reaction is complete and is followed by stripping off acetic acid and any excess acetic anhydride, and the recovery of the acetylated nucleoside product.