Abstract: In embodiments, a battery system includes battery cell modules. Each battery cell module has a positive lead and a negative lead. The battery system includes a bus bar disposed to be in electrical communication with a positive lead of a first battery cell module and a negative lead of a second battery cell. The bus bar includes heat exchange members in thermal communication with a surrounding working fluid. Each heat exchange member's first dimension is a distance between the positive lead and the negative lead and second dimension is a distance from a bottom of a heat exchange member the plurality of heat exchange members in contact with the positive and negative leads to a top of the heat exchange member. The thermal communication with the working fluid occurs over the length of the first dimension. A ratio of the first dimension to the second dimension is at least 2:5.

Abstract: A method of constructing an object includes depositing a first material in a predetermined arrangement to form a structure. The method further includes depositing a second material within the structure. The second material may have electrical properties and the method also includes providing electrical access to the second material to enable observation of the one or more electrical properties.

Abstract: A system and method of controlling a compressor rack having a plurality of variable capacity components is provided. A variable capacity component is selected from the plurality of variable capacity components as a designated variable capacity component. The designated variable capacity component is operated by varying a capacity of the designated variable capacity component. Each variable capacity component of the plurality of variable capacity components, except for the designated variable capacity component, is operated at a fixed capacity corresponding to one of a maximum and a minimum capacity of the variable capacity component.

Abstract: A controller and method for control of a refrigeration system having a compressor rack operable at a plurality of capacities may include determining a rate of change in suction pressure for a first capacity, determining a rate of change in suction pressure associated with a second capacity, and determining which of the first capacity and the second capacity will produce the least variation between a measured suction pressure and a desired suction pressure based on the rate of change in suction pressure associated with each.

Abstract: A system and method of controlling components of a refrigeration system includes determining a desired rate of change of a refrigeration system operating parameter, using historical data to predict an expected rate of change of the operating parameter for cycling each component, calculating an appropriateness factor for each component corresponding to a difference between the expected rate of change for the component and the desired rate of change, ranking the components based on the appropriateness factor, and selectively cycling at least one component based on the ranking.

Abstract: A system and method of controlling a compressor rack having a plurality of variable capacity components is provided. A variable capacity component is selected from the plurality of variable capacity components as a designated variable capacity component. The designated variable capacity component is operated by varying a capacity of the designated variable capacity component. Each variable capacity component of the plurality of variable capacity components, except for the designated variable capacity component, is operated at a fixed capacity corresponding to one of a maximum and a minimum capacity of the variable capacity component.

Abstract: A controller and method for control of a refrigeration system having a compressor rack operable at a plurality of capacities may include determining a rate of change in suction pressure for a first capacity, determining a rate of change in suction pressure associated with a second capacity, and determining which of the first capacity and the second capacity will produce the least variation between a measured suction pressure and a desired suction pressure based on the rate of change in suction pressure associated with each.

Abstract: A system and method of controlling components of a refrigeration system includes determining a desired rate of change of a refrigeration system operating parameter, using historical data to predict an expected rate of change of the operating parameter for cycling each component, calculating an appropriateness factor for each component corresponding to a difference between the expected rate of change for the component and the desired rate of change, ranking the components based on the appropriateness factor, and selectively cycling at least one component based on the ranking.