Abstract: A system encounters an instruction that triggers generating an array that includes a set of elements initialized with a set of initial values. In response to encountering the instruction, the system identifies an application programming interface (API) for generating the array and executes a call to the API to request the API to generate the array. The API receives the call and, in response to the call, executes an array generation process to generate the array. The API provides the array to the system, and the system receives the array from the API. The array includes the set of elements initialized with the set of initial values.

Abstract: A system encounters a static field-access instruction to access a static field of a class. In response to encountering the static field-access instruction, the system determines that the first static field has yet to be accessed, and responsive to determining that the first static field has yet to be accessed, the system determines that an initial value has been assigned to the static field. In response to determining that the initial value has been assigned to the static field, the system accesses the static field.

Abstract: A system encounters an instruction that triggers loading a class. In response to encountering the instruction, the system executes a bytecode verification of the class. Executing the bytecode verification identifies an object instantiation process that, when executed, instantiates an object representing an instance of the class, and determines that the object instantiation process, when executed in the runtime environment, assigns an initial value to an instance field prior to the object being accessible in the runtime environment. In response to determining that the object instantiation process, when executed, assigns the initial value to the instance field prior to the object being accessible in the runtime environment, the system loads the class in the runtime environment.

Abstract: Techniques for determining and displaying error messages including a cause of an error generated because two types are not members of the same nest are disclosed. The system detects, at runtime, an instruction in a first type that attempts to access a private member of a second type. The system evaluates one or more nestmate criteria to determine whether the first type and the second type are within a same nest. A nest host corresponding to the nest specifies each nest member of the nest, and each nest member specifies an association with the nest. Responsive to determining that a particular nestmate criterion is not met, the system determines that the first type and the second type are not within the same nest and records or displays data identifying the particular nestmate criterion that has not been met, and throws an access error.

Abstract: A data structure (e.g., field, method parameter, or method return value) is defined by a descriptor to be of a particular type, which imposes a first set of restrictions on values assumable by the data structure. Separately, the data structure is associated with a type restriction that defines a second set of restrictions that further restricts the values assumable by the data structure. The descriptor and type restriction are encoded separately in a program binary. Responsive to identifying a value for the data structure that (a) is not forbidden by the first set of restrictions defined the descriptor and (b) is forbidden by the second set of restrictions defined by the type restriction, a runtime environment may perform a restrictive operation, such as: blocking storage of the value to a field; blocking passing of the value to a method parameter; or blocking return of the value from a method.

Abstract: Techniques for determining and displaying error messages including a cause of an error generated because two types are not members of the same nest are disclosed. The system detects, at runtime, an instruction in a first type that attempts to access a private member of a second type. The system evaluates one or more nestmate criteria to determine whether the first type and the second type are within a same nest. A nest host corresponding to the nest specifies each nest member of the nest, and each nest member specifies an association with the nest. Responsive to determining that a particular nestmate criterion is not met, the system determines that the first type and the second type are not within the same nest and records or displays data identifying the particular nestmate criterion that has not been met, and throws an access error.

Abstract: Techniques for determining and displaying error messages including a cause of an error generated because two types are not members of the same nest are disclosed. The system detects, at runtime, an instruction in a first type that attempts to access a private member of a second type. The system evaluates one or more nestmate criteria to determine whether the first type and the second type are within a same nest. A nest host corresponding to the nest specifies each nest member of the nest, and each nest member specifies an association with the nest. Responsive to determining that a particular nestmate criterion is not met, the system determines that the first type and the second type are not within the same nest and records or displays data identifying the particular nestmate criterion that has not been met, and throws an access error.

Abstract: A data structure (e.g., field, method parameter, or method return value) is defined by a descriptor to be of a particular type, which imposes a first set of restrictions on values assumable by the data structure. Separately, the data structure is associated with a type restriction that defines a second set of restrictions that further restricts the values assumable by the data structure. The descriptor and type restriction are encoded separately in a program binary. Responsive to identifying a value for the data structure that (a) is not forbidden by the first set of restrictions defined the descriptor and (b) is forbidden by the second set of restrictions defined by the type restriction, a runtime environment may perform a restrictive operation, such as: blocking storage of the value to a field; blocking passing of the value to a method parameter; or blocking return of the value from a method.

Abstract: Techniques for determining and displaying error messages including a cause of an error generated because two types are not members of the same nest are disclosed. The system detects, at runtime, an instruction in a first type that attempts to access a private member of a second type. The system evaluates one or more nestmate criteria to determine whether the first type and the second type are within a same nest. A nest host corresponding to the nest specifies each nest member of the nest, and each nest member specifies an association with the nest. Responsive to determining that a particular nestmate criterion is not met, the system determines that the first type and the second type are not within the same nest and records or displays data identifying the particular nestmate criterion that has not been met, and throws an access error.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for target typing of overloaded method and constructor arguments are described. A method comprises determining whether source code of a program includes, as an argument to an overloaded operation invocation, an expression whose type is context-dependent. The method further comprises, if the source code includes such an argument, providing the expression as an input to an overload resolver, and determining at the overload resolver whether (a) each argument of the invocation is compatible with types of corresponding parameters in one or more declarations and (b) whether a particular declaration among such a set of declarations can be identified as the most specific. If both conditions are met, the method comprises generating executable instructions for the invocation.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for target typing of overloaded method and constructor arguments are described. A method comprises determining whether source code of a program includes, as an argument to an overloaded operation invocation, an expression whose type is context-dependent. The method further comprises, if the source code includes such an argument, providing the expression as an input to an overload resolver, and determining at the overload resolver whether (a) each argument of the invocation is compatible with types of corresponding parameters in one or more declarations and (b) whether a particular declaration among such a set of declarations can be identified as the most specific. If both conditions are met, the method comprises generating executable instructions for the invocation.

Abstract: This invention presents a way to carry concise, important personal and medical information in a very portable format using information storage media, in a convenient carrying form for universal use by emergency medical or police personnel to assist the person carrying the device.

Abstract: A wire insulation hanger comprises an inner core of rigid wire and includes an exterior coating of a flexible, environmentally-resistant material. The wire insulation hanger is arranged between two adjacent floor joists to secure insulation there between and includes sloped ends for optimizing a surface area between the wire insulation hanger and each adjacent floor joist.

Abstract: The present invention is an improvement of currency, currency-equivalents, and currency-surrogates by the addition of tactile elements onto the face of these instruments, such that the visually-impaired can independently discern the different denominations of legal tender and negotiable instruments that are in circulation. This will end the unilateral and universal discrimination against the visually-impaired in financial affairs, and will lead to increased economic activity, financial independence, confidence, self-esteem, and additional security for the visually-impaired in their daily lives. The addition of these elements will also save the United States money in that it will make the counterfeiting of currency much more difficult and costly, and thus lead to an overall decrease in this activity worldwide.