Abstract: The present invention discloses a capacitive filling-level sensor, which is suitable in particular for filling-level determination in oil separator tanks. The capacitive sensor includes a measuring probe with at least one sensor electrode. According to the invention, the measuring probe is at least partially sheathed with at least one outer layer of a fluorinated plastic and at least one inner layer of a mica-filled plastic. Important exemplary embodiments concern an outer layer of perfluoroethylene-perfluoropropylene copolymer (FEP), an inner layer of mica-coated glass fiber tape impregnated with epoxy resin and possibly silanized and an incompressible, thermally adapted filling of the measuring-probe pipe with silicone oil and glass spheres or glass polyhedrons and/or an inner rod of AlMgSi-filled epoxy resin. The sheathing is electrically insulating, chemically inert, hydrophobic, oleophobic, waterproof, mechanically robust and easy to produce.

Abstract: The subject matter of the present invention is the optimization of a capacitive liquid level sensor which is suitable, in particular, for determining the location of a boundary layer 12 between water 10 and oil 11 in a separator tank. The known sensor principle is based on measuring the environmentally dependent capacitance between neighboring electrodes 13, 4; 4, 5; 5, 6 of a rod-shaped probe 1. According to the invention, the probe 1 is designed such that large ionic double-layer capacitors occur on the electrodes 4, 5, 6, 13 in the more conductive medium 10, and small capacitors occur between electrodes 4, 5, 6, 13 in the insulating medium 11. For this purpose, the electrode height h is selected to be large, the ratio of the electrode height h to the electrode spacing a is preferably selected to be in the range of 1<h/a<6 and, in particular, the measuring frequency f is selected to be in the dielectric cut-off frequencies of the media 10, 11.

Abstract: An apparatus for capacitively determining a position of a counter wheel (1) in a wheel counter mechanism has fixed electrodes (3, 3′) at a distance from the counter wheel (1). Extending over the circumference of the counter wheel (1) are a sequence of measurement electrodes (12, 12′, 12″), and electrically nonconductive sections (13, 13′) arranged between said measurement electrodes. This means that it is possible to detect either a high or a low capacitance value, that is to say a binary value of either 0 or 1, for each position of the counter wheel and for each fixed electrode. According to the number of fixed electrodes for each counter wheel, these binary values can be combined to form a binary representation of any desired number characterizing the current position of the counter wheel (1).

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method and a sensor (1) for oil-in-water measurement, in particular for the oil industry. In an electric measuring cell (7, 12) a capacitance is measured as a measure of an oil concentration in the water flowing through or in the accumulation filter (16, 16a, 16b). In order to reduce the maintenance requirement, the measuring cell (7, 12) is automatically calibrated at recurring time intervals with clean water (FIG. 1) and/or flushed with water, possibly oil-contaminated, in the back-flushing direction (FIG. 2). Advantages of the invention are, inter alia, reduced signal drift, improved long-term reliability and a long service life without monitoring or filter exchange.

Abstract: A photoacoustic flow measuring cell (1a, 1b) for measuring oil residues in water including a photoacoustic sensor principle based on converting optical energy into acoustic energy by absorption of light on oil molecules in water. A measuring cell (1a, 1b) having contamination-free infeed optics (9, 10, 11, 21) is produced by providing a free fall stage (3) for a contactless feed (12) of light into an analyte (4). A sound detector (16) is an externally mounted piezoelectric transducer (16) or an optical interferometer (23) which measures vibrations of a liquid surface (6) without contacting the same. The photoacoustic free fall measuring cell (1a, 1b) provides a high level of detection, well into the ppm concentration range, low susceptibility to faults and is suitable, in particular, for use in high pressure separating tanks (28) for conveyance of crude oil.

Abstract: The subject matter of the present invention is a method and a device for capacitive liquid level measurement which are particularly suitable for determining liquid level between adhesive media 10, 11 of different conductivity. The known sensor principle is based on the fact that the environmentally dependent capacitance is measured between neighboring electrodes 13, 4; 4, 5; 5, 6 of a rod-shaped probe 1. According to the invention, the probe 1 has electrodes 4, 5, 6, 13 with covers 7 of different thicknesses d.sub.i. The effective thickness d.sub.s /.epsilon..sub.s of an insulating pollutant film 14 can then be determined by capacitance measurements between at least two pairs of electrodes 4, 5, 6, 13. The influence of a conductive pollutant film 14 on the capacitance signal can be eliminated by selection of at least one suitable measuring frequency.

Abstract: A moving body surface or paper web (1) to be investigated is irradiated at at least one irradiation site by 3 laser light sources of a surface structure measuring device (FOS1, FOS2). Reflected and scattered light is detected and evaluated in order to calculate ellipse points. An ellipse major axis ratio corresponding to a fiber orientation ratio, and a fiber orientation angle are calculated from the ellipse parameters thus obtained. Identical measurements and calculations are carried out periodically on an isotropic sample (NO) and a sample (Nx) having a fiber orientation similar to that of the body surface to be measured, in order to calibrate the measurements at the body surface (1).

Abstract: In the process for investigating particles situated in a gas, a gas stream is guided past a miniaturized UV excimer radiator. In this case, the particles are ionized and subsequently filtered out, and the resultant photoelectrically induced current is measured. Since particles from different sources (petrol engine, diesel engine, cigarette smoke) exhibit a wavelength dependence which is characteristic of the source, by measurements at at least two wavelengths, which is readily possible when using UV excimer radiators with different gas fillings, pollutants can be detected according to the source.

Abstract: An electro-erosion machine including rollers for pulling the used wire electrode from the machining area and imparting a curl to it depositing it in a collection receptacle.

Abstract: The injection device for machining liquid comprises a nozzle (9) sliding in a mobile element (7) which itself slides inside a housing (1) fixed to a machining head, these three elements forming an injection chamber (2) with the base of this head. The nozzle (9) and the mobile element (7) are profiled in such a way as to delimit a pressure chamber (30) along one of the sides (31) of a shoulder (11) built on the periphery of the nozzle (9), as well as a second chamber (20) along the opposite side of this shoulder (11). The nozzle (9) has openings (28) linking this pressure chamber (30) to the injection chamber (2). The mobile element (7) has openings (10) linking the chamber (20) with the atmospheric pressure. The shoulder (11) is sized so that the pressure created in the chamber (30) at least partly counterbalances the pressure created in the injection chamber (2) and acts on the nozzle (9) in the opposite direction.