Abstract: One or more magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) pillars are disposed on a substrate. The pillars have one or more magnetic reference layers and one or more magnetic free layers. The magnetic free layers have one or more external surfaces and are made of a magnetic free layer material containing atomic percentage amount of boron. A boron-containing encapsulation layer encapsulates the MTJ pillar(s) and is in direct contact with the magnetic free layer external surfaces. The boron-containing encapsulation layer contains an atomic percentage amount of boron greater than the magnetic free layer atomic percentage amount of boron. Embodiments of the boron-containing encapsulation layer contain at least 95 percent pure boron and are between 1 and 3 nanometers thick.

Abstract: A laser apparatus for use in a surgical procedure is disclosed including a housing forming a part of a handpiece and including interior and exterior regions, a laser cavity extending within the interior region of the housing, at least a portion of an operating laser element positioned with the interior region of the housing for generating an operating beam, and a controller to control a focal position of the operating beam to a location above the plane of the tissue for ablation of the tissue by laser induced breakdown thereof.

Abstract: A grating structure has a plurality of gratings. In one example, one or more of the gratings are configured: to be non-uniformly spaced with respect to one or more other ones of the gratings; and to optically couple a first light conduit and a second light conduit enabling light having a first polarization and light having a second polarization to pass through the grating structure and propagate in the same direction in the first light conduit or the second light conduit. The non-uniform spacing of the gratings may represent an intersection or a union of a period associated with the light having the first polarization and a period associated with the light having the second polarization.

Abstract: A grating structure has a plurality of gratings. In one example, one or more of the gratings are configured: to be non-uniformly spaced with respect to one or more other ones of the gratings; and to optically couple a first light conduit and a second light conduit enabling light having a first polarization and light having a second polarization to pass through the grating structure and propagate in the same direction in the first light conduit or the second light conduit. The non-uniform spacing of the gratings may represent an intersection or a union of a period associated with the light having the first polarization and a period associated with the light having the second polarization.

Abstract: A laser apparatus for use in a surgical procedure including a housing forming a part of a handpiece and including interior and exterior regions. A laser cavity extending within the interior region of the housing. A cooling arrangement generating a stream of a first coolant. A precooling unit containing a second concentrated coolant. The cooling arrangement communicates with the precooling unit, so that a cooling stream having thermal calorific capacity higher than the thermal calorific capacity of the first coolant enters the laser cavity.

Abstract: A probe or an electrical connector comprises a substrate with a surface having a plurality of electrical contact locations. A shaped elongated electrical conductor has a first end coupled to one of the electrical contact locations and a second end thereof which projects away from the electrical contact location and through an aperture in a sheet of material. The sheet is disposed to be spaced apart from the surface of the substrate. At the second end of the elongated electrical conductor there is a tip structure, which is larger than the aperture in the sheet of material. The tip structure has a pointed portion thereof. The tip structure is disposed against contact locations of a contact surface.

Abstract: A process for the synthesis of derivatives of materials containing an imide group conjugated to an aromatic moiety to form an ester, a thioester, an amide, a ketone, and silylesters. Electrons are supplied to redox sites to form a reduced imide material. The reduced imide material is contacted with a nucleophile which opens the imide ring of the reduced imide and chemically combines with a carbonyl carbon atom of the open imide ring to form an imide derivative.

Abstract: Derivatives of compounds containing a carbonyl group conjugated to an aromatic moiety and methods of fabrication thereof consisting of a thioether, an ester, an ether, a phosphate and a silylether. Electrons are supplied to the carbonyl group conjugated to an aromatic moiety to form a reduced material. The reduced material is contacted with an electrophile which attacks and chemically combines with the carbonyl group conjugated to an aromatic moiety. The parent material can be regenerated by hydrolysis of the derivative. A silyl derivative can be selectively formed on a polyimide material surface which can act as a barrier to an RIE etch of the polyimide material. After etch the polyimide material is regenerated from the silyl derivative.

Abstract: A TAB package comprises an elongated tape which has a plurality of sets of beam leads emplaced thereon and a plurality of electronic devices connected to the beam leads. At least a first beam lead of each set is connected to a common potential terminal on each device, and at least a second beam lead of each set is connected to a power terminal. A common potential bus is oriented along the elongated dimension of the tape and connects to the first beam leads, while a power bus is also oriented along the elongated dimension of the tape and is connected to the second beam leads. The application of power to the power bus and the simultaneous grounding of the common potential bus enables all electronic devices on the tape to be simultaneously energized and to be then subjected to an elevated temperature environment for static burn-in testing.

Abstract: An attenuator useful in measuring low level leakage currents is disclosed. The attenuator includes a plurality of current dividers coupled in cascade. Each current divider includes an input and two outputs between which the current entering the input is divided. The current exiting the last divider is significantly attenuated from that entering the attenuator. The attenuator output is coupled to the device under test and to one input of a differential amplifier. A known current is input to the differential amplifier and part is directed to the attenuator input and the other part to a current measuring device. The difference between the known current input to the differential amplifier and that measured is the current input to the attenuator. In the steady state, the current input to the differential amplifier from the current attenuator is about zero.