Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for augmenting neural networks with an external memory. One of the systems includes a controller neural network that includes a Least Recently Used Access (LRUA) subsystem configured to: maintain a respective usage weight for each of a plurality of locations in the external memory, and for each of the plurality of time steps: generate a respective reading weight for each location using a read key, read data from the locations in accordance with the reading weights, generate a respective writing weight for each of the locations from a respective reading weight from a preceding time step and the respective usage weight for the location, write a write vector to the locations in accordance with the writing weights, and update the respective usage weight from the respective reading weight and the respective writing weight.