Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a modulation scheme for driving a piezo element. In one embodiment, a device may comprise, for example, a piezo element, voltage rails and bridge circuitry. The bridge circuitry may be coupled between the piezo element and the voltage rails. The bridge circuitry may include at least signal sources configured to generate drive signals that cause the piezo element to generate mechanical movement while being coupled to at least one of the voltage rails. In the same or a different embodiment the bridge circuitry may further include comparators, the output of the comparators being usable to determine the resonant frequency of the piezo element. The operating frequency of the bridge circuitry may be configured based on the resonant frequency of the piezo element.

Abstract: Systems and methods for guaranteeing a Target Value of an account on any given Target Value Date. The investment profile of the account may be automatically adjusted to be more or less conservative based on the evolution of the contract with respect to its accumulation value and guarantee. Within broadly defined groups of allocation choices the owner has complete freedom to distribute the account value to individual choices within those groups. The risk profile of the investments may be contracted to change as the Target Value Date approaches.

Abstract: Systems and methods for guaranteeing a Target Value of an account on any given Target Value Date. The investment profile of the account may be automatically adjusted to be more or less conservative based on the evolution of the contract with respect to its accumulation value and guarantee. Within broadly defined groups of allocation choices the owner has complete freedom to distribute the account value to individual choices within those groups. The risk profile of the investments may be contracted to change as the Target Value Date approaches.