Abstract: A method and device for measuring the surface tension of liquids uses the bubble pressure principle, wherein a parameter relating to a bubble formed using a defined gas mass flow rate or volume flow rate is measured at the tip of a capillary tube immersed in the liquid. The surface tension is calculated from the measured value. With a defined gas mass flow rate or volume flow rate, the time between the minimum pressure and the maximum pressure and hence a defined pressure increase in a bubble are measured, and from this the surface tension is calculated. A relatively inexpensive sensor for measuring the surface tension in an appliance, such as a washing machine, using this inventive concepts is disclosed using a piezoelectric transducer.

Abstract: A method and device for measuring the surface tension of liquids uses the bubble pressure principle, wherein a parameter relating to a bubble formed using a defined gas mass flow rate or volume flow rate is measured at the tip of a capillary tube immersed in the liquid. The surface tension is calculated from the measured value. With a defined gas mass flow rate or volume flow rate, the time between the minimum pressure and the maximum pressure and hence a defined pressure increase in a bubble are measured, and from this the surface tension is calculated. A relatively inexpensive sensor for measuring the surface tension in an appliance, such as a washing machine, using this inventive concepts is disclosed using a piezoelectric transducer.

Abstract: An electronic pain treatment device delivering electrical energy to the tissue of a patient in pain is provided which includes a variable wave generator, an impedance measurement circuit, and at least one electrode probe. Associated methods for treating pain are also disclosed.

Abstract: A system for removing matter from a conduit. The system includes the steps of passing a transport vehicle and a shape memory polymer material through the conduit, transmitting energy to the shape memory polymer material for moving the shape memory polymer material from a first shape to a second and different shape, and withdrawing the transport vehicle and the shape memory polymer material through the conduit carrying the matter.

Abstract: Systems for closure of a physical anomaly. Closure is accomplished by a closure body with an exterior surface. The exterior surface contacts the opening of the anomaly and closes the anomaly. The closure body has a primary shape for closing the anomaly and a secondary shape for being positioned in the physical anomaly. The closure body preferably comprises a shape memory polymer.