Abstract: Apparatus for treating a fluid in a conduit by the application thereto of radio-frequency electro-magnetic signals, includes a core element of magnetically-permeable material extending around the conduit, and one or more primary coils through which the core element extends and is energized with radio-frequency electrical signals by at least one signal generator; wherein at least one of the primary coils has an extent and/or disposition circumferentially of the core element and the conduit such as to establish an effective magnetic field throughout the core element.

Abstract: An apparatus establishes electrodes in a region of an electrically conductive liquid flowing along a pipe. The apparatus includes a core of magnetically conductive material surrounding the pipe, an energizable primary coil that creates an electric field within the liquid, a secondary passage connected at the region, and a flow restriction for restricting the flow of the liquid in the secondary passage to create an electrical resistance along which an electrical current flows through the liquid.

Abstract: Electrodes are established in a region of an electrically conductive liquid flowing along a pipe, by surrounding the pipe containing the liquid with a core of magnetically conductive material which passes through a primary coil energized by an electrical signal to create an electric field within the liquid, by connecting a secondary passage at the region for the liquid to flow between opposite sides of the core, and by restricting the flow of the liquid in the secondary passage to create an electrical resistance along which an electrical current flows through the liquid.

Abstract: Apparatus for treating a fluid in a conduit by the application thereto of radio-frequency electro-magnetic signals, includes a core element of magnetically-permeable material extending around the conduit, and one or more primary coils through which the core element extends and is energized with radio-frequency electrical signals by at least one signal generator; wherein at least one of the primary coils has an extent and/or disposition circumferentially of the core element and the conduit such as to establish an effective magnetic field throughout the core element.

Abstract: Water treatment method and apparatus according to which supply water containing dissolved matter is delivered to at least one treatment surface. An electric field is created in the vicinity of the treatment surface to cause a hydration layer to be established due to the bipolar nature of the water molecules. Water is then extracted from the hydration layer. Such extraction may be effected by osmosis or by removal of the element (s) from the supply water with the hydration layer water thereon, dehydration layer water subsequently being extracted from the element (s). The method has been devised to reduce energy consumption for the purpose of providing potable water from seawater.

Abstract: A method for inhibiting corrosion in at least one required region of an elongate metal structure, comprising applying a high-frequency electromagnetic signal to the structure in a manner such that a voltage standing wave is established in the structure with a corrosion-inhibiting potential at the required region(s) of the structure. The method is advantageously applied to an oil well riser pipe, to inhibit corrosion of the external surface thereof in the vicinity of an oil production zone.

Abstract: A method, and apparatus, wherein an effect of establishing electrodes in a region of a liquid is achieved by providing a core of magnetically-conductive material around a lateral wall containing the region of the liquid, the core of magnetically conductive material passing through a primary coil energised by an electrical signal, and wherein respective parts of the region of the liquid on opposite sides of the magnetically conductive core are connected by a passage containing the liquid, the passage and liquid affording a selected electrical resistance.

Abstract: A method of treating liquid, particularly an oil/water mixture, in an oil well pipe, wherein a radio frequency propagating electrical field is established in the liquid in the pipe cause the formation of seed crystals or scale-forming material in the liquid, on which seed crystals asphaltenes and/or paraffin waxes in the liquid are deposited so that they are carried through the pipe with the liquid in preference to being deposited on the pipe wall.

Abstract: Apparatus for treating a fluid in a conduit, comprising first and second core elements of magnetically conductive material adapted to be mounted to the conduit to surround same at spaced positions therealong; and means for establishing radio frequency magnetic fluxes in said core elements, for generating respective electromagnetic fields in the fluid to be treated extending from spaced positions along the conduit.

Abstract: A method of treating liquid, particularly an oil/water mixture, in an oil well pipe, wherein a radio frequency propagating electrical field is established in the liquid in the pipe cause the formation of seed crystals or scale-forming material in the liquid, on which seed crystals asphaltenes and/or paraffin waxes in the liquid are deposited so that they are carried through the pipe with the liquid in preference to being deposited on the pipe wall.

Abstract: A method for inhibiting corrosion in at least one required region of an elongate metal structure, comprising applying a high-frequency electromagnetic signal to the structure in a manner such that a voltage standing wave is established in the structure with a corrosion-inhibiting potential at the required region(s) of the structure. The method is advantageously applied to an oil well riser pipe, to inhibit corrosion of the external surface thereof in the vicinity of an oil production zone.

Abstract: Water treatment method and apparatus according to which supply water containing dissolved matter is delivered to at least one treatment surface. An electric field is created in the vicinity of the treatment surface to cause a hydration layer to be established due to the bipolar nature of the water molecules. Water is then extracted from the hydration layer. Such extraction may be effected by osmosis or by removal of the element (s) from the supply water with the hydration layer water thereon, dehydration layer water subsequently being extracted from the element (s). The method has been devised to reduce energy consumption for the purpose of providing potable water from seawater.

Abstract: Apparatus for treating a fluid in a conduit, comprising first and second core elements of magnetically conductive material adapted to be mounted to the conduit to surround same at spaced positions therealong; and means for establishing radio frequency magnetic fluxes in said core elements, for generating respective electromagnetic fields in the fluid to be treated extending from spaced positions along the conduit.

Abstract: An arrangement for, and a method of, treating fluids, e.g., conditioning water in a pipe to resist scale deposits from building up in the pipe, comprise a primary coil mounted exteriorly of the pipe, and an electronic circuit for energizing the primary coil to generate a succession of radio frequency signals that form an electromagnetic field in the water. The field has generally circular flux lines in generally co-axial relation with the pipe, and is propagated along the entire pipe.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for treating a fluid such as water in a conduit, for the purpose of inhibiting scale formation of corrosion, wherein a succession or radio frequency signals are used to create an electromagnetic field having generally circular flux lines in coaxial relation with the conduit, the field being propagated along the axis of the conduit. The field is created by a core mounted in a housing that embraces the conduit.

Abstract: An arrangement for, and a method of, treating fluids, e.g., conditioning water in a pipe to resist scale deposits from building up in the pipe, comprise a primary coil mounted exteriorly of the pipe, and an electronic circuit for energizing the primary coil to generate a succession of radio frequency signals that form an electromagnetic field in the water. The field has generally circular flux lines in generally co-axial relation with the pipe, and is propagated along the entire pipe.

Abstract: A centrifugal pump comprises impeller blades which are pivoted at their inner ends to a rotor so that the impeller blades can rotate relatively thereto between two extreme positionss. The extreme positions are defined by stop means in the form of pins. The construction enables the centrifugal pump to be operated efficiently when driven in either direction, the blades being allowed to flex during operation.