Abstract: The following disclosure relates to electrochemical or electrolysis cells and components thereof. In one example, the cell includes an electrode, a membrane, and a plurality of interconnecting layers positioned between the electrode and the membrane. The plurality of interconnecting layers includes a local interconnecting layer positioned adjacent to the membrane and a global inter- connecting layer positioned adjacent to the electrode. Further, the plurality of interconnecting layers provides a vertical conduction in a direction extending along an axis running between the electrode and the membrane.

Abstract: The following disclosure relates to an electrolytic cell or system that is configured to operate with the anode or oxygen side of the cell or stack of cells at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. The system may include at least one electrolytic cell having a cathode, an anode, and a membrane separating the cathode and the anode. The system has an operating pressure on the cathode (hydrogen) side of the cell and an operating pressure on the anode (oxygen) side of the cell. The system is configured to operate with the operating pressure on the cathode side of the cell being greater than the operating pressure on the anode side of the cell. Further. the system is configured to operate with the operating pressure on the anode side of the cell being greater than 1 atm.

Abstract: The following disclosure relates to multi-layered membranes for electrochemical cells. The multi-layered membranes include a first membrane layer, a second membrane layer, and a coating composition positioned between the first membrane layer and the second membrane layer. Wherein the multi-layered membrane comprises a radical scavenger composition or a hydrogen crossover mitigation catalyst within the first membrane layer, the second membrane layer, or a coating composition positioned between the first membrane layer and the second membrane layer.

Abstract: A system may detect defects in a membrane cell or portion thereof by detecting gas transfer across the defect. Gas may be released in a release region of a chamber. The release region may be separated from a detection region of the chamber by the membrane cell or portion thereof. When gas traverses the product from the release region to the detection region, the system may determine that the membrane cell or portion thereof has a defect.

Abstract: A system may detect defects in a membrane cell or portion thereof by detecting gas transfer across the defect. Gas may be released in a release region of a chamber. The release region may be separated from a detection region of the chamber by the membrane cell or portion thereof.