Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure relate to methods, systems, computer-readable storage media, and graphical user interfaces (GUIs) that are useful for characterizing subjects having certain cancers, for example renal cell carcinomas such as clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC). The disclosure is based, in part, on methods for determining the renal cancer (RC) tumor microenvironment (TME) type (RC TME type) of a renal cancer subject and the subject's prognosis and/or likelihood of responding to certain therapies (e.g., immunotherapy or tyrosine kinase inhibitors) based upon the renal cancer type determination.