Abstract: Photovoltaic cells comprising an active layer comprising, as p-type material, conjugated polymers such as polythiophene and regioregular polythiophene, and as n-type material at least one fullerene derivative. The fullerene derivative can be C60, C70, or C84. The fullerene also can be functionalized with indene groups. Improved efficiency can be achieved.

Abstract: Compositions for use in HIL/HTL applications include intrinsically conductive polymer, planarizing agent, and dopant, which are soluble in non-aqueous solvents. Block copolymers of regioregular alkyl/alkoxy- and aryl-substituted polythiophenes can be used. The compositions can be formed into thin films. Excellent efficiency and lifetime stability can be achieved.

Abstract: Improved methods of fullerene derivative production including use of less solvent, or elimination of solvent, as well as use of shorter reaction times and higher reaction temperatures. Methods useful for production of bis-, tris-, tetra-, penta-, and hexa-fullerene derivatives. Indene is a preferred derivative. The derivatives used in active layers for solar cell applications.

Abstract: Compositions comprising porphyrinic macrocycles and conjugated polymers such as polythiophene for use in organic electronic devices including solar cells are presented. Covalent linkage of a porphyrinic macrocycle to a polymer allows tuning of electronic and spectroscopic properties of conjugated polymers and can improve the heat stability of the system relative to a blended comparison. A composition comprising: at least one polymer comprising at least one porphyrinic macrocycle covalently linked to at least one conjugated polymer, wherein the porphyrinic macrocycle is metal-free is also presented. Inks can be formulated. Methods of making are provided.

Abstract: Photovoltaic cells comprising an active layer comprising, as p-type material, conjugated polymers such as polythiophene and regioregular polythiophene, and as n-type material at least one fullerene derivative. The fullerene derivative can be C60, C70, or C84. The fullerene also can be functionalized with indene groups. Improved efficiency can be achieved.

Abstract: Regio-regular polythiophenes used in diodes which are not light emitting or photovoltaic. High quality, processable thin film polymer films can be made. The thin film can have a thickness of about 50 nm to about one micron, and the conductive thin film can be applied by spin casting, drop casting, screening, ink-jetting, transfer or roll coating. The polythiophenes can be homopolymers or copolymers. The regio-regular poly(3-substitutedthiophene) can be derivatized so that the 3-substituent is an alkyl, aryl, or alkyl/aryl moiety with a heteroatom substitution in either the ?- or beta-position of the 3-substituent.