Abstract: A soilbed having a topsoil stratum and a subsurface hardpan stratum is fractured by a subsoiling tine to form a trench-like path which extends in depth at least partially into the hardpan stratum. One or more pairs of rotatable blades are operated thereafter which lift up, invert, and mound nutrient-rich topsoil from the topsoil stratum on either side of the trench-like path into the trench-like path. The mounded topsoil provides an unusually hospitable environment for plant growth, especially for the root systems of plants. Additional features, such as blade attachments, coulter disks, and a bulldozer blade may be provided to enable efficient operation with consistently beneficial results.

Abstract: A method for fracturing below ground hardpan which includes entering a sub-soil tine beneath the lower surface of a layer of hardpan, with the upper surface angle of the tine in range of orientation which provides an improved fracturing width.

Abstract: A rotary rake in which the angular relationship of pin wheels and swing arm supports relative to a forward direction is such as to cause debris being collected to be caused to roll to one side, thereby increasing debris-collection potential.

Abstract: Apparatus for fracturing below ground hard pans which includes entering a sub-soil tyne beneath the hard pan with upper surface angle in range of orientation which provides improved fracturing width.

Abstract: A rotary rake in which each of the pin wheels (i.e. disk wheels) being arranged in echelon manner, has rearwardly inclined gaps between respective fingers whereby to promote removal of debris that otherwise will jam between the fingers.