Abstract: Disclosed is a clay centering tool that comprises a curved body having a front part and a rear part. The front part is partitioned into smooth edge and ribbed edge to press a lump of clay. wherein the lump of clay is placed on a pottery wheel. Further a handle is attached to the rear part of the curved body.

Abstract: Disclosed is a clay centering tool that comprises a curved body having a front part and a rear part. The front part is partitioned into smooth edge and ribbed edge to press a lump of clay. wherein the lump of clay is placed on a pottery wheel. Further a handle is attached to the rear part of the curved body.

Abstract: A security element formed on a substrate having a printing side and a viewing side is provided, the security element including: a first image portion provided on the printing side of the substrate, the first image portion including one or more micro-image elements; a second image portion provided on the printing side and/or the viewing side of the substrate; and a plurality of focussing elements disposed on or in the viewing side of the substrate for observing the one or more micro-image elements; wherein the first image portion and the second image portion are integrated into at least one distinguishable security element when observed from the viewing side of the substrate.

Abstract: A security element formed on a substrate having a printing side and a viewing side is provided, the security element including: a first image portion provided on the printing side of the substrate, the first image portion including one or more micro-image elements; a second image portion provided on the printing side and/or the viewing side of the substrate; and a plurality of focussing elements disposed on or in the viewing side of the substrate for observing the one or more micro-image elements; wherein the first image portion and the second image portion are integrated into at least one distinguishable security element when observed from the viewing side of the substrate.

Abstract: A method of measuring a defect level of a region of a substrate for a security document, wherein the defect level is associated with reduced transparency of the region of the substrate, the method including the steps of: digitally imaging the region to create a digital image, the digital image containing light intensity data; and analysing the digital image including: calculating a statistical measure of the light intensity data in the region; and assigning a defect score to the region based on the statistical measure of the light intensity data in the region.

Abstract: Roots on a plant cutting are formed by continuously circulating oxygenated water low in minerals and contaminates, a pH within a predetermined pH range, and a water temperature within a predetermined water temperature range about the severed end of the plant cutting.