Abstract: Methods and systems for measuring component concentrations. The methods may include providing a system configured for contacting a first component, a second component, and a third component; determining a concentration of the second component in a reactor; determining a concentration of the third component in the reactor; determining a temperature and a pressure of a first apparatus downstream of the reactor; and calculating a first concentration of the first component in the reactor based on (i) the concentration of the second component in the reactor, (ii) the concentration of the third component in the reactor, and (iii) the temperature and the pressure of the first apparatus.

Abstract: Methods and systems for measuring component concentrations. The methods may include providing a system configured for contacting a first component, a second component, and a third component; determining a concentration of the second component in a reactor; determining a concentration of the third component in the reactor; determining a temperature and a pressure of a first apparatus downstream of the reactor; and calculating a first concentration of the first component in the reactor based on (i) the concentration of the second component in the reactor, (ii) the concentration of the third component in the reactor, and (iii) the temperature and the pressure of the first apparatus.

Abstract: Pre-treatment methods for polyolefin-based feed streams before depolymerization are described. Polyolefins are separated from other material in the polyolefin-based feed stream using density differences in an aqueous solution, which allows for a pre-treatment method that does not affect the depolymerization catalyst. By removing the non-polyolefin materials from the feed stream, the depolymerization of the polyolefin material can proceed at lower temperatures for longer cycles. This results in a more efficient process with a smaller carbon footprint.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides for a method for measuring the concentration of one or more components in a reactor or a separation unit of an acetic acid process by Raman spectroscopic analyses. In some embodiments, the conditions in the reactor or in any subsequent step of the acetic acid production process are adjusted in response to the measured concentration of one or more components.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides for a method for measuring the concentration of one or more components in a reactor or a separation unit of an acetic acid process by Raman spectroscopic analyses. In some embodiments, the conditions in the reactor or in any subsequent step of the acetic acid production process are adjusted in response to the measured concentration of one or more components.

Abstract: A holder and apparatus for terahertz imaging and/or spectroscopy of beads, particles or microparticles, and methods for terahertz imaging and/or spectroscopy of beads, particles or microparticles and making the holder are disclosed. The holder includes a tray having a substantially planar upper surface, and one or more offsets above or below the substantially planar upper surface. Each offset is configured to hold one of the beads, particles or microparticles, and has a height or depth configured to minimize or eliminate interference between reflections of the terahertz radiation from the tray and reflections of the terahertz radiation from the bead, particle or microparticle in or on the offset.

Abstract: A holder and apparatus for terahertz imaging and/or spectroscopy of beads, particles or microparticles, and methods for terahertz imaging and/or spectroscopy of beads, particles or microparticles and making the holder are disclosed. The holder includes a tray having a substantially planar upper surface, and one or more offsets above or below the substantially planar upper surface. Each offset is configured to hold one of the beads, particles or microparticles, and has a height or depth configured to minimize or eliminate interference between reflections of the terahertz radiation from the tray and reflections of the terahertz radiation from the bead, particle or microparticle in or on the offset.