Abstract: The invention provides methods and pharmaceutical compositions that can treat autoimmune disease by reducing the production of pyrophosphate intermediates produced during the biosynthesis of isoprenoids. The pyrophosphate compounds being inhibited are normally produced through the mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways of the host vertebrate organisms and their symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms. The methods involve administering to a patient an inhibitor of the mevalonate-dependent pathway, an inhibitor of the non-mevalonate pathway, or combination of such inhibitors.

Abstract: This invention provides methods and pharmaceutical compositions that can treat neuroinflammatory disease by reducing the production of pyrophosphate intermediates produced during the biosynthesis of isoprenoids. The pyrophosphate compounds being inhibited are normally produced through the mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways of the host vertebrate organisms and their symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms. The methods involve administering to a patient an inhibitor of the mevalonate-dependent pathway, an inhibitor of the non-mevalonate pathway, or combination of such inhibitors.

Abstract: A cap for a container includes a depressible structure arranged such that, when the depressible structure is depressed, the depressible structure applies force onto a first compartment, thereby rupturing the first compartment and dispensing a first ingredient into a second compartment of the container. The depressible structure can include a pliant material. Also described is a solid material shaped to concentrate force applied by the depressible structure at a first location of the first compartment to facilitate rupturing the first compartment. Additionally described is an ingredient that includes an effervescent material.

Abstract: A novel system, including vectors, phage particles, host cells and methods of use, for expressing one or more polypeptides of interest in prokaryotes is described.