Abstract: Artificial high-fidelity three-dimensional human urogenital tract carcinomas are propagated under in vitro-microgravity conditions from carcinoma cells. Artificial high-fidelity three-dimensional human urogenital tract carcinomas are also propagated from a coculture of normal urogenital tract cells inoculated with carcinoma cells. The microgravity culture conditions may be microgravity or simulated microgravity created in a horizontal rotating wall culture vessel.

Abstract: The process of the present invention relates to a three dimensional co-culture process.

Abstract: Normal mammalian tissue and the culturing process has been developed for the three groups of organ, structural and blood tissue. The cells are grown in vitro under microgravity culture conditions and form three dimensional cells aggregates with normal cell function. The microgravity culture conditions may be microgravity or simulated microgravity created in a horizontal rotating wall culture vessel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a multicellular, three-dimensional, living mammalian tissue. The tissue is produced by a co-culture process wherein two distinct types of mammalian cells are co-cultured in a rotating bioreactor which is completely filled with culture media and cell attachment substrates. As the size of the tissue assemblies formed on the attachment substrates changes, the rotation of the bioreactor is adjusted accordingly.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a 3-dimensional cell to tissue and maintenance process, more particularly to methods of culturing cells in a culture environment, either in space or in a gravity field, with minimum fluid shear stress, freedom for 3-dimensional spatial orientation of the suspended particles and localization of particles with differing or similar sedimentation properties in a similar spatial region.

Abstract: A bio-reactor system wherein a tubular housing contains an internal circularly disposed set of blade members and a central tubular filter all mounted for rotation about a common horizontal axis and each having independent rotational support and rotational drive mechanisms. The housing, blade members and filter preferably are driven at a constant slow speed for placing a fluid culture medium with discrete microbeads and cell cultures in a discrete spatial suspension in the housing. Replacement fluid medium is symmetrically input and fluid medium is symmetrically output from the housing where the input and the output are part of a loop providing a constant or intermittent flow of fluid medium in a closed loop.

Abstract: A suspension cell culture system where a culture chamber is rotatable about a horizontal axis and has a vertical large area oxygen transmissible membrane spaced a distance about 0.25 inches less than 1.0 inches from a facing vertical wall surface for effective transmission of oxygen to cells in suspension in the culture chamber. The facing vertical wall surface can be a dialysis membrane for exchange of fresh nutrient from a dialysis chamber with cell waste product in the culture chamber.

Abstract: The process of the present invention relates to a three dimensional co-culture process. Wherein two distinct types of mammalian cells are co-cultured in a rotating bioreactor which is completely filled with culture media and cell attachment substrates. As the size of the tissue assemblies formed on the attachment substrates changes the rotation of the bioreactor is adjusted accordingly.

Abstract: A bio-reactor system where cell growth microcarrier beads are suspended in a zero head space fluid medium by rotation about a horizontal axis and where the fluid is continuously oxygenated from a tubular membrane which rotates on a shaft together with rotation of the culture vessel. The oxygen is continuously throughput through the membrane and disbursed into the fluid medium along the length of the membrane.

Abstract: A bio-reactor system where cell growth microcarrier beads are suspended in a zero head space fluid medium by rotation about a horizontal axis and where the fluid is continuously oxygenated from a tubular membrane which rotates on a shaft together with rotation of the culture vessel. The oxygen is continuously throughput through the membrane and disbursed into the fluid medium along the length of the membrane.

Abstract: A bio-reactor system wherein a tubular housing contains an internal circularly disposed set of blade members and a central tubular filter all mounted for rotation about a common horizontal axis and each having independent rotational support and rotational drive mechanisms. The housing, blade members and filter preferably are driven at a constant slow speed for placing a fluid culture medium with discrete microbeads and cell cultures in a discrete spatial suspension in the housing. Replacement fluid medium is symmetrically input and fluid medium is symmetrically output from the housing where the input and the output are apart of a loop providing a constant or intermittent flow of fluid medium in a closed loop.

Abstract: A thermal switch for controlling the dissipation of heat between a body (20), acting as a heat source, and a heat sink (22). The thermal switch is comprised of a flexible bellows (12) defining an expansible vapor chamber for a working fluid located between an evaporation and condensation chamber (16, 14). Inside the bellows (12) is located a coiled retaining spring (54) and four axial metal mesh wicks (46, 48, 50, 52) two of which (46, 48) have their central portions located inside of the spring (54) while the other two (50, 52) have their central portions located between the spring (54) and the side wall of the bellows (12). The wicks are terminated and are attached to the inner surfaces (56, 58) of the outer end walls (60, 62) of evaporation and condensation chambers (14, 16) respectively located adjacent the heat source (20) and heat sink (22). The inner surfaces of the end walls furthermore include grooves (64, 66) to provide flow channels of the working fluid to and from the wick ends.