Abstract: Oxygen electrodes, production methods and reversible, alkaline or anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrochemical devices are provided. The oxygen electrodes are operable in the reversible devices both as cathodes of a fuel cell supporting an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and as anodes of an electrolyzer supporting an oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The oxygen electrodes comprise a substrate layer which may be a porous transport layer (PTL), possibly coated and/or hydrophobized, or a membrane; and a blend of catalysts which is deposited on the substrate layer to form a catalyst layer, and includes ORR catalyst (e.g., a platinum group metal), OER catalyst (e.g., nickel-based particles), and possibly binders such as ionomers, PTFE or other polymers that are resistant in alkaline environment, but with the catalyst layer and the substrate layer being devoid of elemental carbon.

Abstract: A method of decoding a linear block code transmitted over a transmission channel subject to noise, comprising receiving, over a transmission channel, a linear block code corresponding to a parity check matrix, propagating the received code through a neural network of one or more decoders, the neural network having an input layer, an output layer and a plurality of hidden layers comprising a plurality of nodes corresponding to transmitted messages over a plurality of edges of a bipartite graph representation of the encoded code and a plurality of edges connecting the plurality of nodes, each edge having source node and destination nodes is assigned with a weight calculated during a training session of the neural network, the propagation follows a propagation path through the neural network dictated by respective weights of the edges and outputting a recovered version of the code according to a final output of the neural network.

Abstract: A pilot acquisition unit for code division multiple access (CDMA) communication systems is provided which includes a fast Hadamard transform (FHT) unit and a pre-Hadamard processing unit. The FHT unit determines the quality, in accordance with a metric, of each of a set of possible pseudo-random number (PN) loadings and the pre-Hadamard processing unit generates a vector u per set of PN loadings. The vector u defines a quality metric of a received pilot signal with the set of possible PN loadings, the pre-Hadamard processing unit providing the vector u to the FHT unit.

Abstract: Device for determining the rate of a received communication frame, including a plurality of encoded signal quality estimators, each at a different rate, a decision controller, connected to the encoded signal quality estimators, a decoder connected to the controller and an erasure detection unit connected to the decoder and the controller, wherein each of the quality estimators processes the received encoded frame according to an encoded signal quality criteria, thereby producing a quality value, wherein the controller selects the rate with the best quality value, the decoder decodes the encoded frame according to the selected rate and the erasure detection unit analyzing the decoded frame, thereby determining it as allowed or as erased.

Abstract: A parameter estimator for estimating a set of parameters for pattern recognition has a recognizer for receiving a training set having members. The recognizer performs recognition on the members of the training set using a current set of parameters and based upon a predetermined group of elements. A set generator associated with the recognizer generates at least one equivalence set containing recognized members of the training set, which are used by a target function determiner associated with the set generator to calculate a target function using the set of parameters. A maximizer updates the parameter set so as to maximize the calculated target function.

Abstract: A symbol detector for frequency modulated (FM) symbols includes a section determiner, a direction of movement determiner and a data symbol determiner. The section determiner receives a sample of in-phase and quadrature signals associated with a baseband transmitted FM symbol and determines the section value of a unit circle in an in-phase—quadrature coordinate system in which the sample lies. The direction of movement determiner receives the section value of a current sample and the section value of a neighboring sample and generates a positive direction of movement value if the direction of movement along the unit circle from the neighboring sample to the current sample is counterclockwise, a negative direction of movement value if the direction of movement is clockwise and 0 otherwise. The data symbol determiner receives the direction of movement values and decodes the transmitted FM symbol by masking N direction of movement values.

Abstract: A method for conducting an improved approximated maximum likelihood decoding on a received signal on a receiving side, in the presence of a co-channel interference.

Abstract: A pilot acquisition unit for code division multiple access (CDMA) communication systems is provided which includes a fast Hadamard transform (FHT) unit and a pre-Hadamard processing unit. The FHT unit determines the quality, in accordance with a metric, of each of a set of possible pseudo-random number (PN) loadings and the pre-Hadamard processing unit generates a vector u per set of PN loadings. The vector u defines a quality metric of a received pilot signal with the set of possible PN loadings, the pre-Hadamard processing unit providing the vector u to the FHT unit.

Abstract: Device for determining the rate of a received communication frame, including a plurality of encoded signal quality estimators, each at a different rate, a decision controller, connected to the encoded signal quality estimators, a decoder connected to the controller and an erasure detection unit connected to the decoder and the controller, wherein each of the quality estimators processes the received encoded frame according to an encoded signal quality criteria, thereby producing a quality value, wherein the controller selects the rate with the best quality value, the decoder decodes the encoded frame according to the selected rate and the erasure detection unit analyzing the decoded frame, thereby determining it as allowed or as erased.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for efficiently producing a delayed version of a maximum length sequence output from a linear feedback shift register. Polynomial (vector) exponentiation is performed instead of matrix exponentiation to calculate the mask coefficients which yield the delayed sequence from the linear feedback shift register. Polynomial (vector) operations are much simpler and faster than the corresponding matrix operations and require substantially less circuitry and computational effort. Modulo exponentiation of polynomials is done by repeated squaring and shifting, and a division circuit built on a linear feedback shift register is provided to perform an efficient modulo squaring of polynomials.

Abstract: A symbol detector for frequency modulated (FM) symbols includes a section determiner, a direction of movement determiner and a data symbol determiner. The section determiner receives a sample of in-phase and quadrature signals associated with a baseband transmitted FM symbol and determines the section value of a unit circle in an in-phase--quadrature coordinate system in which the sample lies. The direction of movement determiner receives the section value of a current sample and the section value of a neighboring sample and generates a positive direction of movement value if the direction of movement along the unit circle from the neighboring sample to the current sample is counterclockwise, a negative direction of movement value if the direction of movement is clockwise and 0 otherwise. The data symbol determiner receives the direction of movement values and decodes the transmitted FM symbol by masking N direction of movement values.

Abstract: A pattern recognition system and method is disclosed. The method includes the steps of a) providing a noisy test feature set of the input signal, a plurality of reference feature sets of reference templates produced in a quiet environment, and a background noise feature set of background noise present in the input signal, b) producing adapted reference templates from the test feature set, the background noise feature set and the reference feature sets and c) determining match scores defining the match between each of the adapted reference templates and the test feature set. The method can also include adapting the scores before accepting a score as the result. The system and method are described for both Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) scoring units. The system performs the steps of the method.