Abstract: Apparatus, methods, systems and computer program products are disclosed describing a data structure and associated processes that optimize garbage collection. The invention sections a card vector associated with a card marked heap into portions. Each portion can be individually write protected. A section vector contains section data structures that are used to control their respective portions. When a write-barrier executes and attempts to mark a card marker in a read-only portion of the card vector, the invention traps the mark operation, sets the portion to read-write, changes the status of the section data structure and completes the mark operation. When a garbage collection phase scans the heap during the garbage collection process, it skips over portions of the card vector associated with sections having a read-only status--thus, improving the garbage collection process.

Abstract: Apparatus, methods, systems and computer program products are disclosed describing processes that optimize generational garbage collection techniques in a card-marked heap. The invention localizes nodes in an older generation that have a pointer to a newer generation. This node localization increases the density of such nodes in the cards marked as having these nodes and thus reduces the number of marked cards that need to be examined for nodes having pointers to the newer generation.

Abstract: Apparatus, methods, systems, and computer program products are disclosed that use a link to access nodes in a generational garbage collected heap. The creation area of the heap is associated with a validation variable that is dependent on the number of scavenge operations performed on the creation area. The link comprises the value of the validation variable when the node was allocated and the index of the created node within the creation area. When the node is copied from the creation area an entry is made in a link-to-pointer translation table. Accesses to the node using the link succeed regardless of whether the node is in the creation area. Thus, not all references to the node need to be updated when the node is copied from the creation area allowing the copying process to be interrupted when resolving links to the copied node.

Abstract: Apparatus, methods, systems, and computer program products are disclosed that generate a hash value for a node allocated from a generational garbage collected heap. The heap is associated with a global hash offset that is updated on every scavenge operation. This global hash offset is added to the address of the node to generate a hash offset. The hash offset is only generated upon a generate hash condition. The generate hash condition occurs when the hash value for the node is accessed or when the node is copied from the creation area. Thus, the invention generates hash values for nodes that require them while in the creation area of the heap. When the active nodes are copied from the creation area of the heap the hash value is generated as part of the copy process without additional memory accesses.

Abstract: A method for observing and determining the size of individual molecules and for determining the weight distribution of a sample containing molecules of varying size, which involves placing a deformable or nondeformable molecule in a medium, subjecting the molecule to an external force, thereby causing conformational and/or positional changes, and then measuring these changes. Preferred ways to measure conformational and positional changes include: (1) determining the rate at which a deformable molecule returns to a relaxed state after termination of the external force, (2) determining the rate at which a molecule becomes oriented in a new direction when the direction of the perturbing force is changed, (3) determining the rate at which a molecule rotates, (4) measuring the length of a molecule, particularly when it is at least partially stretched, or (5) measuring at least one diameter of a spherical or ellipsoidal molecule.

Abstract: An optimizing compiler process and apparatus is disclosed for more accurately and efficiently identifying live variable sets in a portion of a target computer program, so as to more efficiently allocate registers in a computer central processing unit. The process of the invention includes the steps of performing a static single assignment transform to a computer program, including the addition of phi functions to a control flow graph. Basic blocks representing a use of a variable are further added to the control flow graph between the phi functions and definitions of the variables converging at the phi functions. A backward dataflow analysis is then performed to identify the live variable sets. The variables in the argument of phi functions are not included as a use of those variables in this dataflow analysis. The dataflow analysis may be iteratively performed until the live variable sets remain constant between iterations.

Abstract: A method for observing and determining the size of individual particles and for determining the weight distribution of a sample containing particles of varying size, which involves placing a deformable or nondeformable particle in a medium, subjecting the particle to an external force, thereby causing conformational and/or positional changes, and then measuring these changes. Preferred ways to measure conformational and positional changes include: (1) determining the rate at which a deformable particle returns to a relaxed state after termination of the external force, (2) determining the rate at which a particle becomes oriented in a new direction when the direction of the perturbing force is changed, (3) determining the rate at which a particle rotates, (4) measuring the length of a particle, particularly when it is at least partially stretched, or (5) measuring at least one diameter of a spherical or ellipsoidal particle.

Abstract: This invention relates to inside out folded dual pocket folders, and particularly to the construction of a multi-pocket enclosure which provides three pockets where the entry lips of each successive pocket are stacked one on top of and below the next, all showing on the same face.

Abstract: This invention relates to leaf structures where the leaf structure is used for the capture, representation, organization, access, presentation, communication, and delivery of information, and to such leafs further comprising a leaf body portion serving as a media strip and a leaf binding strip, where the leaf binding strip offers a novel binding structure capable of providing alternative ways of being attached to other objects, where said binding structure provides a hinged binding with repositional adhesive as a part thereof allowing for the pivotal and semi-permanent attachment of the leaf structure to other objects, where said semi-permanent attachment allows said leaf structure to be directly attached and subsequently reattached by way of the self possessed repositional adhesive, to a host, particularly a host book, it's bindings, it's surfaces, and or its covers, where said semi-permanent repositional adhesive means may be deactivated, by pivotally folding said binding strip into a position coincident wi

Abstract: This invention relates to dual pocket portfolios, where the pockets face one another on opposing covers of the folio, which pockets are used for holding single or small batch of sheets of paper within the respective inside pockets, and particularly to the construction of a dual pocket enclosure which can be placed in a ring binder and turned without any obstruction, which offers front cover,bottom pocket edge tab marking within the foot print of the host binder covers into which it is bound, and which offers an expansion section at it's spine, along with expansion holes, to permit the enclosure of other pockets.

Abstract: The invention provides for "windowing" leafs of various types which retain their face and perimeter orientation when repositioned with respect to their host binder, including leafs with pluralities of surfaces, leafs with arrays of stacked repositionable notes, leafs with notepads, leafs with arrays of clips, and the like. The invention further provides for the binding of leafs which themselves may be electronic modules, each acting as a means for one of capturing, storing, accessing, displaying, and transmitting information in electronic form. Further, binding system cover is provided which offers a ring binding mechanism that is simple, light weight, and of a closed loop design available in various application specific shapes.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method of electrophoretically separating particles by the application to pulsed field electrophoresis of a pulsing routine in which the pulses are modulated in such a way as to define the effective field angle of the particles undergoing separation as determined by the vector sum of the pulses. In one embodiment of the invention, pulse times are modulated to define the orientation of the particles undergoing separation. In a second embodiment, the intensities of the pulses are modulated to define the orientation of the particles. The method of the invention allows the simple and dynamic determination of effective field angle by pulsing routine rather than by placement of an electrode array. In addition, the invention makes it possible for the first time to translate particles undergoing separation incrementally through a gel matrix.

Abstract: The invention provides for "windowing" leafs of various types which retain their face and perimeter orientation when repositioned with respect to their host binder, including leafs with pluralities of surfaces, leafs with arrays of stacked repositionable notes, leafs with notepads, leafs with arrays of clips, and the like. The invention further provides for the binding of leafs which themselves may be electronic modules, each acting as a means for one of capturing, storing, accessing, displaying, and transmitting information in electronic form. Further, binding system cover is provided which offers a ring binding mechanism that is simple, light weight, and of a closed loop design available in various application specific shapes.

Abstract: A blank book attachment having a mark and sweep leaf with a fold out feature is provided. The leaf is pivotably retained along one edge on a frame, and the frame is pivotably retained at the binding spine of the host blank book. Pulling outward on the leaf causes the leaf to extend out and beyond the pages of the book allowing the pages to turn freely. When the leaf is placed within the host book, with the book open or closed, the leaf can be turned as a page, in which case it also acts as a mark to identify a specific position in the host book. Alternatively, the leaf may be pivoted on the frame to allow the host book pages to be turned past it in either direction.

Abstract: A blank book attachment having a mark and sweep leaf with a fold out feature is provided. The leaf is pivotally retained along one edge on a frame, and the frame is pivotally retained at the binding spine of the host blank book. Pulling outward on the leaf causes the leaf to extend out and beyond the pages of the book allowing the pages to turn freely. When the leaf is placed within the host book, with the book open or closed, the leaf can be turned as a page, in which case it also acts as a mark to identify a specific position in the host book. Alternatively, the leaf may be pivoted on the frame to allow the host book pages to be turned past it in either direction.

Abstract: The invention provides for "windowing" leafs of various types which retain their face and perimeter orientation when repositioned with respect to their host binder, including leafs with pluralities of surfaces, leafs with arrays of stacked repositionable notes, leafs and notepads, leafs with arrays of clips, and the like. The invention further provides for the binding of leafs which themselves may be electronic modules, each acting as a means for one of capturing, storing, accessing, displaying, and transmitting information in electronic form. Further, binding system cover is provided which offers a ring binding mechanism that is simple, light weight, and of a closed loop design available in various application specific shapes.

Abstract: A blank book attachment having a mark and sweep leaf with a fold out feature is provided. The leaf is pivotably retained along one edge on a frame, and the frame is pivotably retained at the binding spine of the host blank book. Pulling outward on the leaf causes the leaf to extend out and beyond the pages of the book allowing the pages to turn freely. When the leaf is placed within the host book, with the book open or closed, the leaf can be turned as a page, in which case it also acts as a mark to identify a specific position in the host book. Alternatively, the leaf may be pivoted on the frame to allow the host book pages to be turned past it in either direction.

Abstract: Gel inserts comprising a solidified liquid such as agarose suitable for use in an electrophoretic method, lysed cells entrapped within a matrix formed by the solidified liquid and macromolecules such as DNA or intact chromosomes derived from the lysed cells may be advantageously used in electrophoretic separations. The gel inserts are placed directly in a suitable support medium and subjected to one or more electric fields to separate the macromolecules.

Abstract: Gel inserts comprising a solidified liquid such as agarose suitable for use in an electrophoretic method, lysed cells entrapped within a matrix formed by the solidified liquid and macromolecules such as DNA or intact chromosomes derived from the lysed cells may be advantageously used in electrophoretic separations. The gel inserts are placed directly in a suitable support medium and subjected to one or more electric fields to separate the macromolecules.

Abstract: Disclosed are an apparatus for and a method of electrophoretically separating particles by electric fields which are transverse to each other, which alternate between respective high and low intensities out of phase with each other at a frequency related to the mass of the particles and which move the particles in an overall direction transverse to the respective directions of the fields. For separating large macromolecules, at least one of the fields preferably has an intensity gradient in a direction transverse to its own. The new arrangement makes it possible to: (1) separate particles (molecules) larger in size than those able to be separated with previously known techniques, (2) carry out separation at higher speed and at better resolution than is possible with previously known techniques, and (3) concurrently separate particles which differ greatly in mass (molecular weight).