Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing an emulsion of a first liquid in a second liquid wherein (a) at least one of the liquids comprises a surfactant or a precursor thereof, and (b) said second liquid has an electrical conductivity of less than 100 microSiemens/centimeter, and (c) interfacial tension between said liquids is at least 0.0001 mN/m, and (d) said liquids are subjected to an electric field of strength between 5000 to 107 V/m.

Abstract: A liquid-in-stem thermometer comprising a stem and/or an envelope having a capillary bore extending along the length of the stem/envelopes, a bulb disposed at one end of the stem/envelope and in fluid communication with the said bore, a junction region between the capillary and the bulb adapted for maximum registration action, a thermometric liquid provided in the bulb, the said thermometric liquid being an aqueous solution of one or more solutes and substantially free of dissolved gases, at least the inner surface of the capillary bore of said stem/envelope having low surface energy characteristics, wherein the surface tension of the thermometric liquid is greater than the surface energy of the said low surface energy material by a factor of at least two.