Abstract: A planar device includes a heating circuit that is disposed between ceramic layers in a planar device and co-fired with the ceramic. The heating circuit material and geometry are controlled so as to provide a targeted resistance characteristic as a function of temperature that allows interchangeability in an engine management system that was designed for a heater circuit based on a material system that cannot be co-fired with the planar device.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a multilayer, composite nonwoven material comprising a first’ fibrous nonwoven web having 1 an interior face in contact with an interior face of a second fibrous nonwoven web and a resin binding the fibers in the first and second webs; the fibers of the first web comprising staple length fibers having an. average denier in the range of about 0.9 to about 4.5 and the fibers of the second web comprising staple length fibers having an average denier in the range of about 2.0 to about 6.5, the first web having a different resin binder content than the second web. A fabric formed from the nonwoven material, a fluid filter, and a method of making the nonwoven material also are disclosed.