Abstract: Various shaped abrasive particles are disclosed. Each shaped abrasive particle includes a body having at least one major surface and a side surface extending from the major surface.

Abstract: The invention provides a simple optical switch capable of integration with common machine tool control devices such as push buttons, limit switches, and pressure responsive switches. The invention is an optical switch comprising a housing for mounting the optical switch, a drive rod capable of motion, and at least one mirror surface movable with the drive rod for reflecting light in a desired direction.

Abstract: A catalyst composition of use in the production of hydrocarbons from synthesis gas comprises the essential metals(a) at least one of iron, cobalt, nickel and ruthenium, and(b) at least one of lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesiumsupported on silicate, as described and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,061,724, the metals [(A)+(b)] being present on the silicalite support in an amount in the range from 0.5 to 15% by weight. The catalyst composition may be modified by addition of the hydrogen form of a crystalline zeolite having the composition expressed as mole ratios of oxides:0.9.+-.0.2M.sub.2 /.sub.n O:W.sub.2 O.sub.3 :20 to 50 YO.sub.2 :zH.sub.2 Owherein M is at least one cation, n is the valence thereof, W is aluminum and/or gallium, Y is silicon and/or germanium and z has a value of 0 to 40, said zeolite being characterized by an XRD pattern which is substantially that of an MFI-type zeolite.

Abstract: Unsaturated carboxylic acids and/or esters thereof are produced by reacting an aldehyde comprising formaldehyde or acetaldehyde with either a saturated carboxylic acid ester or anhydride in the vapor phase in the presence as catalyst of a high silica crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite in which the cation is H.sup.+ and/or a transition metal and/or a rare earth metal. In a modification of the process instead of formaldehyde there is used methanol/molecular oxygen and in the catalyst there is included either an oxidative or an oxidative/dehydrogenative component.

Abstract: A catalyst composition suitable for use in the production of alcohols from synthesis gas comprises as essential elements:(a) cobalt(b) one or more of copper, silver, gallium, zirconium, zinc and thorium(c) one or more of palladium, platinum and nickel, and(d) one or more alkali metals,in the atomic ratio of component (a): component (b): component (c) of 100:1 to 400:1 to 500, the alkali metal or metals forming up to 5% by weight of the composition. A suitable catalyst composition has the empirical formula:.sup.(a) 100 .sup.(b) 1 to 400 .sup.(c) 1 to 500 .sup.(d) x.sup.Oywherein (a), (b), (c) and (d) are as above, the value of x is such that (d) forms up to 5% by weight of the composition and y is a number such that the valence requirements of the other elements for oxygen is satisfied.

Abstract: A catalyst composition suitable for use in the production of alcohols from synthesis gas comprises as essential elements:(a) cobalt(b) one or more of copper, silver, gallium, zirconium, zinc and thorium(c) one or more of palladium, platinum and nickel, and(d) one or more alkali metals,in the atomic ratio of component (a): component (b): component (c) of 100:1 to 400:1 to 500, the alkali metal or metals forming up to 5% by weight of the composition. A suitable catalyst composition has the empirical formula:(a).sub.100 (b).sub.1 to 400 (c).sub.1 to 500 (d).sub.x Oywherein (a), (b), (c) and (d) are as above, the value of x is such that (d) forms up to 5% by weight of the composition and y is a number such that the valence requirements of the other elements for oxygen is satisfied.

Abstract: A catalyst composition for use in the production of hydrocarbons from synthesis gas comprises the essential metals(a) at least one of iron, cobalt, nickel and ruthenium, and(b) at least one of lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesiumsupported on silicate, as described and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,061,724, the metals [(a)+(b)] being present on the silicalite support in an amount in the range from 0.5 to 15% by weight. The catalyst composition may be modified by addition of the hydrogen form of a crystalline zeolite having the composition expressed as mole ratios of oxides:0.9.+-.0.2 M.sub.2 /.sub.n O:W.sub.2 O.sub.3 :20 to 50 YO.sub.2 :zH.sub.2 Owherein M is at least one cation, n is the valence thereof, W is aluminum and/or gallium, Y is silicon and/or germanium and z has a value of 0 to 40, said zeolite being characterized by an XRD pattern which is substantially that of an MFI-type zeolite.

Abstract: A process for the production of a catalyst based on a crystalline aluminosilicate having a silica to alumina molar ratio greater than 12:1 which is obtained by mixing a source of silica, a source of alumina, a source of alkali metal, water and a source of ammonium ions in defined proportions, crystallizing the mixture, recovering the crystalline aluminosilicate so-formed, cation-exchanging and/or impregnating the recovered crystalline aluminosilicate and finally calcining, wherein either the recovered crystalline aluminosilicate or the cation-exchanged aluminosilicate or the impregnated aluminosilicate is washed with a solution containing either an organic base, a carboxylic acid, an alcohol, a glycol, a phenol or an ester. The washing treatment results in a reduction in the rate of decline in catalytic activity in reactions such as the conversion of aliphatic to aromatic hydrocarbons.

Abstract: C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 oxygenated hydrocarbons are produced by contacting synthesis gas at a temperature in the range 150.degree. C. to 450.degree. C. and a pressure in the range of 1 to 700 bars with a catalyst comprising a supported mixture of a rhodium component and a silver component. The preferred support is silica. Other metal components which may be incorporated on the support are iron, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, ruthenium, chromium, thorium and zirconium. Furthermore the support can be activated prior to incorporation of the metal components.

Abstract: An oxygenated hydrocarbon product comprising methanol and ethanol is produced by hydrogenating carbon monoxide at a temperature in the range 150.degree. to 450.degree. C. and a pressure in the range 1 to 700 bars in the presence as catalyst of a supported mixture of the metals rhodium, silver, zirconium and molybdenum and optionally also one or more of the metals iron, manganese, rhenium, tungsten, ruthenium, chromium, thorium and potassium. The preferred support is silica.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for preparing a crystalline aluminosilicate having a high silica to alumina molar ratio and an X-ray diffraction pattern substantially the same as that of ZSM-5 zeolite which method comprises mixing a source of silica, a source of alumina, a source of alkali metal, water and at least one alkanolamine according to Formula (I): ##STR1## wherein any two of R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are independently alkylol groups and the remaining one of R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 is a hydrogen atom or all of R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are independently alkylol group, the alkylol groups being --CH.sub.2 --R--OH, wherein R is --CH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, or --CH(CH.sub.3)--, the ratio of said source of silica to said source of alumina being at least 20:1 based on the equivalent moles of silica and alumina in said respective sources, maintaining said mixture at a temperature above about 120.degree. C. and recovering the crystalline aluminosilicate formed.

Abstract: Crystalline aluminosilicates having a silica to alumina molar ratio greater than 12 are produced by mixing a source of silica, a source of alumina, a source of alkali metal, water and a source of ammonium ions, e.g. ammonia or an ammonium salt, in the absence of an alcohol or alkylene oxide, in the molar proportions (expressed in the case of the silica and alumina sources in terms of the equivalent moles of the oxide, in the case of the alkali metal source in terms of the equivalent moles of the hydroxide (MOH) and in the case of the source of ammonium ions in terms of free ammonia):SiO.sub.2 : Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 greater than 12:1MOH: Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 in the range from 1:1 to 20:1SiO.sub.2 : NH.sub.3 in the range from 1:1 to 200:1H.sub.2 O: MOH in the range from 30:1 to 300:1and maintaining the composition at elevated temperature, such as 120.degree. to 210.degree. C. for a period such that crystallization occurs, typically greater than 4 hours.

Abstract: A process for the production of a catalyst based on a crystalline aluminosilicate having a silica to alumina molar ratio greater than 12:1 which is obtained by mixing a source of silica, a source of alumina, a source of alkali metal, water and a source of ammonium ions in defined proportions, crystallizing the mixture, recovering the crystalline aluminosilicate so-formed, cation-exchanging and/or impregnating the recovered crystalline aluminosilicate and finally calcining, wherein either the recovered crystalline aluminosilicate or the cation-exchanged aluminosilicate or the impregnated aluminosilicate is washed with a solution containing either an organic base, a carboxylic acid, an alcohol, a glycol, a phenol or an ester. The washing treatment results in a reduction in the rate of decline in catalytic activity in reactions such as the conversion of aliphatic to aromatic hydrocarbons.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for preparing a crystalline aluminosilicate having a high silica to alumina molar ratio and an X-ray diffraction pattern substantially the same as that of ZSM-5 zeolite which method comprises mixing a source of silica, a source of alumina, a source of alkali metal, water and at least one alkanolamine according to Formula (I): ##STR1## wherein any two of R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are independently alkylol groups and the remaining one of R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 is a hydrogen atom or all of R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are independently alkylol group, the alkylol groups being --CH.sub.2 --R--OH, wherein R is --CH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, or --CH(CH.sub.3)--, the ratio of said source of silica to said source of alumina being at least 20:1 based on the equivalent moles of silica and alumina in said respective sources, maintaining said mixture at a temperature above about 120.degree. C. and recovering the crystalline aluminosilicate formed.

Abstract: Crystalline aluminosilicates having a high silica to alumina molar ratio are prepared by mixing a source of silica, a source of alumina, a source of alkali metal, water and one or more substituted neopentylamines having the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.2 is H, OH or NH.sub.2 and R.sup.1 is a C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 alkyl group, and maintaining the mixture under conditions of elevated temperature and pressure, typically in the range from 80.degree. to 210.degree. C. and autogenous pressure for a time sufficient to effect formation of the aluminosilicate, typically not less than 4 hours. The molar ratio of silica to alumina in the initial mixture is suitably in the range from 10:1 to 150:1 and the amounts of alkali metal and neopentylamine are suitably in the range from 2:1 to 0.02:1 and 10:1 to 0.02:1 respectively moles per mole equivalent of total silica and alumina in the respective sources.

Abstract: A process for the production of a product comprising ethanol which process comprises reacting at elevated temperature and pressure and in the liquid phase methanol with hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the presence of an inert, particulate solid comprising a high surface area form of silica, alumina, silica/alumina or carbon, a methanol soluble catalyst comprising either:(i) cobalt as the sole catalytic metal entity added either: as cobalt carbonyl or bis (triphenylphosphine) iminium tetracarbonylcobaltate or in a form capable of forming a carbonyl and/or carbonyl hydride complex under the prevailing reaction conditions, or(ii) a metal of Group VIII of the Periodic Table excluding iron, palladium and platinum as the sole catalytic metal entity added either as a metal complex in which the ligand is derived from cyclopentadiene or a substituted cyclopentadiene of formula: ##STR1## in which R is independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, or in a form capable of forming the complex under the prevailing reaction cond

Abstract: A process for the production of aromatic hydrocarbons which process comprises contacting at elevated temperature and in the vapor phase a C.sub.2 to C.sub.12 aliphatic hydrocarbon feedstock with a catalyst comprising a crystalline aluminosilicate having a silica to alumina molar ratio greater than 12:1 which has been modified by incorporation therein of aluminium either by exchange or impregnation.

Abstract: Crystalline aluminosilicates having a high (greater than 10:1) silica to alumina molar ratio and an X-ray diffraction pattern substantially the same as that of ZSM-5 zeolite are prepared by mixing a source of silica, a source of alumina, a source of alkali metal, water and at least one monoalkanolamine selected from monoethanolamine and monopropanolamine or their precursors, the ratio of the source of silica to the source of alumina being at least 20:1 based on the equivalent moles of silica and alumina in their respective sources, and maintaining the mixture at a temperature of about 120.degree. C. or 135.degree. C. or more for a time such that crystallization occurs. Typical crystallization conditions are a temperature in the range 120.degree. to 210.degree. C., a pressure in the range from autogenous to 400 psig and a time not less than 4 hours and up to and in excess of 7 days.

Abstract: Oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds containing from one to four carbon atoms, e.g. acids, alcohols and/or aldehydes are produced by reacting carbon monoxide with hydrogen in the presence of a supported mixture of a rhodium component and a chromium component, optionally incorporating also iron, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten or ruthenium at elevated temperature and generally at elevated pressure. A preferred support is silica which may be activated by the addition of metal and non-metal activators followed by calcination, prior to incorporation of the rhodium and chromium components.

Abstract: Amorphous aluminosilicates useful as catalysts, particularly for the decomposition of methanol to synthesis gas, are produced by reacting a source of silica, a source of alumina, a source of alkali metal, water and one or more polyamines other than a diamine. A class of effective polyamines is that known as polyethylene polyamines of which triethylene is representative. The catalytic activity of the aluminosilicate may be enhanced in particular by incorporation of the metals copper, zinc, gallium, bismuth, chromium, thorium, iron, cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, nickel, palladium, iridium or platinum.