Abstract: A high-pressure direct injected gaseous fuel system comprising a fuel tank capable of storing fuel at a first pressure and a compressor including an inlet capable of receiving the fuel, and operative to supply, at an outlet, compressed fuel at a second pressure higher than the first. The system also includes an accumulator connected to the outlet and a plurality of injectors connected to the accumulator. The injectors are adapted to inject fuel directly into a combustion chamber. The system includes a pressure relief valve interconnecting the fuel tank and the outlet, wherein the pressure relief valve is operative to allow fuel flow between the fuel tank and outlet if the second pressure exceeds a threshold pressure.

Abstract: The present technology relates generally systems and methods for providing motion amplification and compensation by fluid displacement in fuel injector systems. For example, some embodiments of gaseous fuel injectors include a piezoelectric actuator and a motion transfer system coupled to the piezoelectric actuator. The motion transfer system includes a housing, a first piston having a first effective area disposed in the housing, and a second piston having a second effective area disposed in the housing. The second effective area is less than the first effective area and the first and second pistons define a fluid chamber therebetween. The motion transfer system can amplify actuation of a fuel injector valve.

Abstract: Fluid treatment systems and compositions are provided including (a) at least one material including (1) at least one carboxylic acid functional group and (2) at least one sulfur-containing group selected from the group consisting of sulfonyl functional groups, sulfonate functional groups and mixtures thereof; and (b) at least one scale control agent. The fluid treatment systems and compositions can be used to treat aqueous systems, for example as fracturing fluids for treating aqueous compositions found in subterranean formations. Methods for inhibiting formation and/or precipitation of calcium salts in an aqueous composition using the fluid treatment systems or compositions also are provided.

Abstract: Methods of treating flowback water from a subterranean formation penetrated by a well bore are provided, comprising: (a) providing remediated flowback water having a ferrous iron (Fe+2) ion concentration of less than about 100 milligrams of ferrous iron ion per liter of flowback water, a barium ion (Ba+2) concentration of less than about 500 milligrams of barium ion per liter of flowback water, and a calcium ion (Ca+) concentration of at least about 1,000 milligrams of calcium ion per liter of remediated flowback water; and (b) treating the flowback water with: (i) at least one friction reducing agent; and (ii) at least one scale formation inhibiting agent and/or at least one iron precipitation control agent to provide treated flowback water which can be reused as fracturing fluid in a well drilling operation.

Abstract: A high-pressure direct injected gaseous fuel system comprising a fuel tank capable of storing fuel at a first pressure and a compressor including an inlet capable of receiving the fuel, and operative to supply, at an outlet, compressed fuel at a second pressure higher than the first. The system also includes an accumulator connected to the outlet and a plurality of injectors connected to the accumulator. The injectors are adapted to inject fuel directly into a combustion chamber. The system includes a pressure relief valve interconnecting the fuel tank and the outlet, wherein the pressure relief valve is operative to allow fuel flow between the fuel tank and outlet if the second pressure exceeds a threshold pressure.

Abstract: A system for transferring and igniting a fuel comprising a fuel supply and a cryogenic fuel processor connected to the fuel supply and operative to remove impurities from the fuel. The system includes a power supply and an injector-igniter. The injector-igniter includes an injector housing connected to the power supply and having a fuel inlet connected to the fuel processor. An actuator body is disposed in the housing and a conductor sleeve is connected to the power supply and supported between the actuator body and injector housing with a first annular gap between the injector housing and the conductor sleeve. There is also a second annular gap between the actuator body and conductor sleeve, wherein the first and second annular gaps are in fluid communication with the fuel inlet, whereby fuel provides a dielectric between the conductor sleeve and the injector housing.

Abstract: The present technology relates generally systems and methods for providing motion amplification and compensation by fluid displacement in fuel injector systems. For example, some embodiments of gaseous fuel injectors include a piezoelectric actuator and a motion transfer system coupled to the piezoelectric actuator. The motion transfer system includes a housing, a first piston having a first effective area disposed in the housing, and a second piston having a second effective area disposed in the housing. The second effective area is less than the first effective area and the first and second pistons define a fluid chamber therebetween. The motion transfer system can amplify actuation of a fuel injector valve.

Abstract: The present technology is generally related to hydraulic displacement amplifiers in fuel injectors. In some embodiments, a gaseous fuel injector includes a piezoelectric actuator, a working volume reservoir adjustable between a first volume and a second volume smaller than the first volume, and a combustion chamber valve in communication with the working volume reservoir and movable between a closed configuration when the working volume reservoir comprises the first volume and an open configuration when the working volume reservoir comprises the second volume. The gaseous fuel injector further includes a hydraulic displacement amplifier in operable connection with the actuator. The hydraulic displacement amplifier can have a plurality of pistons in communication with the working volume reservoir and configured to adjust the working volume reservoir from the first volume to the second volume.

Abstract: Fluid treatment systems and compositions are provided including (a) at least one material including (1) at least one carboxylic acid functional group and (2) at least one sulfur-containing group selected from the group consisting of sulfonyl functional groups, sulfonate functional groups and mixtures thereof; and (b) at least one scale control agent. The fluid treatment systems and compositions can be used to treat aqueous systems, for example as fracturing fluids for treating aqueous compositions found in subterranean formations. Methods for inhibiting formation and/or precipitation of calcium salts in an aqueous composition using the fluid treatment systems or compositions also are provided.

Abstract: Methods of treating flowback water from a subterranean formation penetrated by a well bore are provided, comprising: (a) providing remediated flowback water having a ferrous iron (Fe+2) ion concentration of less than about 100 milligrams of ferrous iron ion per liter of flowback water, a barium ion (Ba+2) concentration of less than about 500 milligrams of barium ion per liter of flowback water, and a calcium ion (Ca+) concentration of at least about 1,000 milligrams of calcium ion per liter of remediated flowback water; and (b) treating the flowback water with: (i) at least one friction reducing agent; and (ii) at least one scale formation inhibiting agent and/or at least one iron precipitation control agent to provide treated flowback water which can be reused as fracturing fluid in a well drilling operation.