Abstract: A control system and method for controlling an engine comprising an electric turbocharger are presented. The system comprises a wastegate valve configured to control a pressure of exhaust gas in an exhaust system of the engine at a turbine of the electric turbocharger. A controller obtains a set of parameters that each affect exhaust gas energy; using the set of parameters: (i) determines a target mass flow into the engine and a target boost for the turbocharger to achieve a torque request; (ii) determines a target power for a compressor of the turbocharger to achieve the target engine mass flow and the target turbocharger boost; (iii) determines an electric turbocharger motor power target; (iv) determines, based on the target power for the compressor and the electric turbocharger motor power target, a target pressure ratio and a target mass exhaust flow for the turbine of the electric turbocharger.

Abstract: A surfactant comprising a polyether segment including at least one pendant alkoxyfluoroalkyl group, and a cationic substituent defined by one of the formulae: or the substituted derivatives thereof.

Abstract: A tobacco conveyor belt having a regular nonwoven mesh structure. The belt may incorporate an ultra-violet sensative material.