Abstract: Multiple information is extracted from an unknown recording and information associated therewith. Associated information includes the filename, if the recording is a computer file in, e.g., MP3 format, or table of contents (TOC) data, if the recording is on a removable medium, such as a compact disc. At least one and preferably several algorithmically determined fingerprints are extracted from the recording using one or more fingerprint extraction methods. The information extracted is compared with corresponding information in a database maintained for reference recordings. Identification starts with the most accurate and efficient method available, e.g., using a hash ID, a unique ID or text. Fingerprint matching is used to confirm other matches and validation is performed by comparing the duration of the unknown and a possibly matching reference recording.

Abstract: DNA ladders are constructed by partial restriction digestion of plasmids with the following design properties: (a) the plasmid contains five or more sites of a restriction endonuclease; (b) the length between adjacent sites is an integer multiple of a minimal length, said minimal length is the length between the closest adjacent sites; (c) partial restriction endonuclease digestion of the plasmid generates a DNA ladder with at least five differently sized DNA fragments; and (d) said DNA ladder has the properties that (1) all DNA fragments of the ladder have lengths which are integer multiples of the minimal length; (2) the smallest DNA fragment length is the minimal length, (3) the largest DNA fragment is the length of the entire plasmid; and (4) the ladder has a DNA fragment at every integer multiple of the minimal length ranging from the minimal length to the plasmid length. This plasmid design is especially useful for making small fragment DNA ladders, such as 100 and 200 base pair ladders.

Abstract: DNA ladders are constructed by partial restriction digestion of plasmids with the following design properties: (a) the plasmid contains five or more sites of a restriction endonuclease; (b) the length between adjacent sites is an integer multiple of a minimal length, said minimal length is the length between the closest adjacent sites; (c) partial restriction endonuclease digestion of the plasmid generates a DNA ladder with at least five differently sized DNA fragments; and (d) said DNA ladder has the properties that (1) all DNA fragments of the ladder have lengths which are integer multiples of the minimal length; (2) the smallest DNA fragment length is the minimal length, (3) the largest DNA fragment is the length of the entire plasmid; and (4) the ladder has a DNA fragment at every integer multiple of the minimal length ranging from the minimal length to the plasmid length. This plasmid design is especially useful for making small fragment DNA ladders, such as 100 and 200 base pair ladders.