Abstract: Spectrophotometers and spectroscopy processes are described that can provide for in-line calibration at every spectral acquisition as well as for continuous response correction during sample processing. The spectrophotometers include multiple polychromatic light sources that include characteristic emission spectra for use as an internal wavelength drift calibration system that is independent of environmental factors. Correction functions provided by the internal calibration process can be applied continuously and across an entire sample spectrum. The intensity response of each spectrometer in a spectrophotometer can also be monitored and continuously corrected for stray light, dark current, readout noise, etc.

Abstract: Analysis techniques by generation and interpretation of multivariate data that can provide for highly accurate analyte detection are described. Protocols can include a tiered principal component analysis (PCA) utilizing a partial least squares (PLS) approach for classification of a sample. Methods include selection of a particular local model for each classification category. The classification categories are determined based on assessment of sample characteristics such as solution absorbance, acidity, analyte oxidation state distribution, temperature, presence of one or more interferents, etc.

Abstract: Spectrophotometers and spectroscopy processes are described that can provide for in-line calibration at every spectral acquisition as well as for continuous response correction during sample processing. The spectrophotometers include multiple polychromatic light sources that include characteristic emission spectra for use as an internal wavelength drift calibration system that is independent of environmental factors. Correction functions provided by the internal calibration process can be applied continuously and across an entire sample spectrum. The intensity response of each spectrometer in a spectrophotometer can also be monitored and continuously corrected for stray light, dark current, readout noise, etc.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for arranging flowers without a vase. A series of nested members, each having a plurality of flower stem receiving channels, preferably between two and eight flower channels, are placed in nested configuration. Flower stems are placed in each of the receiving channels and the next larger member is placed over the stems. Larger members, for holding more flowers, can be placed over the next larger size. Preferably, one to four layers of members are used to create the flower arrangement.

Abstract: A method for selling, arranging, and transporting decorative flowers without a vase or floral foam. Flower stems are placed in a plurality of receiving channels in an apparatus that receives flower stems. Once the arrangement is made, the flowers and supporting member can be placed in a container for delivery to the recipient of the flower arrangement.