Abstract: A system of medical indicators includes a set of medical indicator tags, each of which includes a first plurality of identifying characteristics that are indicative of a category of therapy and a second plurality of identifying characteristics that are indicative of a specific therapy within the category of therapy, wherein the set includes a first indicator tag including the first plurality of identifying characteristics that are indicative of a first category of therapy and the second plurality of identifying characteristics that are indicative of a first specific therapy within the first category of therapy, and a second indicator tag including the first plurality of identifying characteristics that are indicative of the first category of therapy and the second plurality of identifying characteristics that are indicative of a second specific therapy within the first category of therapy.

Abstract: A system including a plurality of indicator tags, each of which includes a body having a first end, a second end, a first surface extending from the first end to the second end, a second surface extending from the first end to the second end, and an aperture sized and shaped to receive a corresponding intravenous tube extending from the first end to the second end intermediate the first surface and the second surface, at least one of the first and second surfaces including a haptic signature, wherein the plurality of indicator tags includes at least one tag of a first type and at least one tag of a second type, wherein the haptic signature of the at least one tag of the first type corresponds to a first medication, wherein the haptic signature of the at least one tag of the second type corresponds to a second medication.

Abstract: An indicator includes a body having a first end, a second end opposite the first end, a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, each of which extends from the first end to the second end, and an aperture extending from the first end to the second end, the aperture being sized and shaped to receive a tube, and at least one of the first and second surfaces including a haptic signature formed thereon.

Abstract: A system including a plurality of indicator tags, each of which includes a body having a first end, a second end, a first surface extending from the first end to the second end, a second surface extending from the first end to the second end, and an aperture sized and shaped to receive a corresponding intravenous tube extending from the first end to the second end intermediate the first surface and the second surface, at least one of the first and second surfaces including a haptic signature, wherein the plurality of indicator tags includes at least one tag of a first type and at least one tag of a second type, wherein the haptic signature of the at least one tag of the first type corresponds to a first medication, wherein the haptic signature of the at least one tag of the second type corresponds to a second medication.

Abstract: A system including a plurality of indicator tags, each of which includes a body having a first end, a second end, a first surface extending from the first end to the second end, a second surface extending from the first end to the second end, and an aperture sized and shaped to receive a corresponding intravenous tube extending from the first end to the second end intermediate the first surface and the second surface, at least one of the first and second surfaces including a haptic signature, wherein the plurality of indicator tags includes at least one tag of a first type and at least one tag of a second type, wherein the haptic signature of the at least one tag of the first type corresponds to a first medication, wherein the haptic signature of the at least one tag of the second type corresponds to a second medication.

Abstract: The invention features methods for treating or reducing the likelihood of developing a renal disease by administering to a subject in need thereof an agent that decreases expression of a pathogenic APOL1. The agents of the method target various signaling pathways and decrease the level of the pathogenic APOL1 polypeptide.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed herein for detecting a genetic predisposition to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) or hypertensive end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) or both in a human subject. The methods include detecting the presence of at least one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in an APOL1 gene, such as the C-terminal exon of an APOL1 gene. In a further embodiment, methods are disclosed for detecting resistance of a subject to a disease associated with Trypanosoma infection. The methods include detecting the presence of at least one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in an APOL1 gene, such as the C-terminal exon of an APOL1 gene. Also disclosed are methods for treating a subject infected with T brucei (such as T. brucei brucei, T b. rhodesiense, or T b. gambiense). The methods include administering a therapeutically effective amount of an APOL1 protein including a S342G substitution, an I384M substitution, and/or a deletion of N388 and Y389 to the subject.

Abstract: A system including a plurality of indicator tags, each of which includes a body having a first end, a second end, a first surface extending from the first end to the second end, a second surface extending from the first end to the second end, and an aperture sized and shaped to receive a corresponding intravenous tube extending from the first end to the second end intermediate the first surface and the second surface, at least one of the first and second surfaces including a haptic signature, wherein the plurality of indicator tags includes at least one tag of a first type and at least one tag of a second type, wherein the haptic signature of the at least one tag of the first type corresponds to a first medication, wherein the haptic signature of the at least one tag of the second type corresponds to a second medication.

Abstract: An indicator includes a body having a first end, a second end opposite the first end, a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, each of which extends from the first end to the second end, and an aperture extending from the first end to the second end, the aperture being sized and shaped to receive a tube, and at least one of the first and second surfaces including a haptic signature formed thereon.

Abstract: The invention features methods for treating or reducing the likelihood of developing a renal disease by administering to a subject in need thereof an agent that decreases expression of a pathogenic APOL1. The agents of the method target various signaling pathways and decrease the level of the pathogenic APOL1 polypeptide.

Abstract: Compositions and methods are disclosed herein for treating or reducing the symptoms of a renal disease, such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), hypertensive end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), and HIV-associated nephropathy (a distinct form of FSGS, also termed collapsing glomerulopathy). The compositions include the common variant of APOL1 and fragments thereof, as well as antibodies and fragments thereof that bind and neutralize pathogenic APOL1, nucleic acid molecules that encode the common variant of APOL1 and fragments thereof, and other compounds that bind and neutralize pathogenic APOL1. The methods of the invention include administering one or more of the compositions of the invention to a subject having or at risk of developing renal disease.