Abstract: Fluorescence Labelling This invention generally relates to techniques for fluorescence labelling, and to methods, apparatus and computer program code for processing fluorescence signal data. A method of determining respective first and second degree-of-labelling signals for different respective first and second fluorophores associated with a common entity, the method comprising: determining a first fluorescence signal from said first and second fluorophores under first conditions; determining a second fluorescence signal from said first and second fluorophores under second conditions different to said first conditions; and determining said first and second degree-of-labelling signals for said first and second fluorophores from said first and second fluorescence signals; and wherein said determining of said first and second degree-of-labelling signals is responsive to at least one coupling value (c12; c21) representing a coupling of energy between said fluorophores.

Abstract: C.sub.2 to C.sub.10 monocarboxylic acids are co-produced with formic acid by reacting at an elevated temperature below 250.degree. C. a C.sub.1 to C.sub.9 alkyl formate with carbon monoxide and water in the presence as catalyst of a Group VIII noble metal component and an iodine or bromine-containing promoter, the partial pressure of carbon monoxide being in the range 1 to 300 bar, the concentration of noble metal component being in the range from 100 to 5000 ppm and the atomic ratio of noble metal to iodine or bromine being in the range from 1:50 to 1:1000 and thereafter recovering the co-produced C.sub.2 to C.sub.10 monocarboxylic acid and formic acid. In a preferred embodiment, the alkyl formate is methyl formate and the recovered acids are acetic acid and formic acid.