Abstract: Disclosed are methods and systems and methods for non-invasive neuromodulation using ultrasound to treat anxiety (including panic attacks) and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. The neuromodulation can produce acute or long-term effects. The latter occur through Long-Term Depression (LTD) and Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) via training. Included is control of direction of the energy emission, intensity, frequency, pulse duration, and phase/intensity relationships to targeting and accomplishing up regulation and/or down regulation.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and systems and methods employing non-invasive ultrasound-neuromodulation techniques to control the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. For example, such an alteration can permit increased penetration of a medication to increase its therapeutic effect. The neuromodulation can produce acute or long-term effects. The latter occur through Long-Term Depression (LTD) and Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) via training. Included is control of direction of the energy emission, intensity, frequency (carrier and/or neuromodulation frequency), pulse duration, firing pattern, and phase/intensity relationships for beam steering and focusing on targets and accomplishing up-regulation and/or down-regulation.

Abstract: Volumetric accuracy in hemodialysis systems is provided by swapping pumps between the replacement fluid side and the output side for a hemofiltration system and between the return fluid side and the sorbent side for a closed-loop, sorbent-based system, such that same quantity of fluid is pumped at each point after the end of an even number of pump swaps. A method for calculating the time interval between swaps is provided based on an allowable difference in amount pumped in the two functions at any given time. A mechanism is provided for compensating for the differences in head pressure presented to the pumps for fluid coming from the replacement-fluid containers or the reservoir and that coming back from the patient through the dialyzer. The pump-swapping system provides an accurate means that can be inexpensively implemented, including using a disposable device.