Abstract: Fullerene nanostructures produced using a catalyst-free Carbo Thermal Carbon Conversion process may be protected and fuctionalized using a layer-by-layer method whereby functional groups on the nanostructure surface may be further derivatized to incorporate additional functional moieties. Exemplary moieties include redox mediator molecules, crown ethers, catalysts, boric acids, carbohydrates, oligonucleotides, DNA or RNA aptamers, peptide aptamers, proteins such as enzymes and antibodies, quantum dots and nanoparticles, cells, cell organelles, or other cellular components. The density of functional groups or functional moieties on carbon nanostructure surfaces may also be controlled as well as the degree of surface hydrophilicity of the nanostructure.

Abstract: Carbon nanostructures may be protected and functionalized using a layer-by-layer method whereby functional groups on the carbon nanostructure surface may be further derivatized to incorporate additional functional moieties. Carbon nanostructures functionalized using such a layer-by-layer method may be used to disperse, sort, separate and purify carbon nanostructures and may be used as sensing elements such as voltametric, amperometric, and potentiometric pH sensors or as biosensors, biometric sensing elements and electrodes and intracorporeal sensors and electrodes.

Abstract: Carbon nanostructures may be protected and functionalized using a layer-by-layer method whereby functional groups on the carbon nanostructure surface may be further derivatized to incorporate additional functional moieties. Carbon nanostructures functionalized using such a layer-by-layer method may be used to disperse, sort, separate and purify carbon nanostructures and may be used as sensing elements such as voltammetric, amperometric, and potentiometric pH sensors or as biometric sensing elements and electrodes and intracorporeal sensors and electrodes.

Abstract: Carbon nanostructures may be protected and functionalized using a layer-by-layer method whereby functional groups on the carbon nanostructure surface may be further derivatized to incorporate additional functional moieties. Exemplary moieties include redox mediator molecules, crown ethers, catalysts, boric acids, carbohydrates, oligonucleotides, DNA or RNA aptamers, peptide aptamers, proteins such as enzymes and antibodies, quantum dots and nanoparticles, cells, cell organelles, or other cellular components. The density of functional groups or functional moieties on carbon nanostructure surfaces may also be controlled as well as the degree of surface hydrophilicity of the nanostructure.

Abstract: Nanostructures comprising carbon and metal catalyst that are formed on a substrate, such as a silicon substrate, are contacted with a composition that, among other useful modifications, protects the nano structures and renders them stable in the presence of oxidizing agents in an aqueous environment. The protected nano structures are rendered stable over an extended period of time and thereby remain useful during such period as components of an electrode, for example, for detecting electrochemical species such as free chlorine, total chlorine, or both in water.

Abstract: A method and system automatically generate a list of participants physically present at a meeting and distribute permission to the participants. Identity and key information is collected from the participants during the meeting using at least one personal area network. The identity and key information is stored on a delegation device. Permission to access the services is distributed to the participants over at least one personal area network using the delegation device. The delegation device may include an access control matrix or moveable icons for organizing and distributing participant and permission information.

Abstract: An administrative user is authenticated to a server and authorized to delegate permission to a user to access an application. A request from the administrative user to delegate permission to the user is received at the server. A request from the user to register with the server is received at the server. The user is provided access to the application. The administrative user authenticates the user with non-secret information. The communications take place over a computer network.

Abstract: A method and system manage access to services. Permission relating to the services is delegated over an ad hoc network in a personal area network. The permission is represented using a digital signature. Access to the services is provided to each permitted delegatee over a second computer network that is different from the personal area network.

Abstract: A method and system manage access to services. One or more permissions relating to the services are delegated via a delegation device. The delegation device includes a global positioning system receiver for determining a location of the delegation device at the time the delegation of the permission occurs. The location can be used to control access to the services or to monitor delegation information.

Abstract: A method and system manage access to services. A delegator delegates to a delegatee permission to access services and delegate further permissions to subsequent delegatees. The permission is represented using a digital signature. At least one delegation occurs over a personal area network while physical presence exists between the delegator and the delegatee.

Abstract: A method and system expedite delegation of at least one permission over a personal area network. Pregenerated values representing at least a portion of data required to create a digital signature are created on a computer. The values are transferred to a delegation device. The values are used in creating a digital signature on the delegation device. A delegator delegates to a delegates the permission over the personal area network while physical presence exists between the delegator and the delegatee. The permission is represented using a digital signature and comprise authority to access services.

Abstract: A method and system control access to services. Identity and key information of a delegatee are determined. Permission relating to the services is delegated. The permission is represented using a digital signature. The delegator verifies the identity and key information through physical presence of the delegatee. Alternatively, key information is received from a delegatee over a computer network. A hash of the key information is taken and the hash is verbally confirmed with the delegatee. Permission to access the services is sent by a delegator to the delegatee, wherein the permission is represented using a digital signature. After that, the delegatee is provided access to the services.

Abstract: A method and system automatically generate a list of participants physically present at a meeting and distribute permission to the participants. Identity and key information is collected from the participants during the meeting using at least one personal area network. The identity and key information is stored on a delegation device. Permission to access the services is distributed to the participants over at least one personal area network using the delegation device. The delegation device may include an access control matrix or moveable icons for organizing and distributing participant and permission information.