Abstract: A heated fuel injector includes a fuel inlet for receiving fuel, a fuel outlet for dispensing fuel from the heated fuel injector, and a heated body having an inside surface fore fluidly connecting the fuel inlet to the fuel outlet. The heated fuel injector also includes a hollow pintle shaft that is reciprocably movable within the heated body for selectively permitting and preventing the dispensing of fuel from the fuel outlet. A fuel passage is formed between the inside surface and the hollow pintle shaft such that fuel flows through the passage from the fuel inlet to the fuel outlet. The hollow pintle shaft defines a sealed chamber within the hollow pintle shaft which thereby increases the efficiency by which the heated body can heat the fuel flowing through the fuel passage.

Abstract: A closed-loop control of a servo motor in which multiple closed-loop terms of a motor command are adaptively tuned and selectively activated to achieve both stable operation and improved performance. The motor command includes a first term proportional to an error signal, a second term based on the integral of the error signal, and a third term based on the rate of change of the measured feedback signal, and representing the kinetic energy of the system. The first term is continuously active, whereas the second term is only activated when the rate of change of the measured feedback signal is below a threshold, and the third term is only activated when the error signal is within a reference window, thereby allowing relatively high gains while ensuring stable operation.